Characterization of Essential Oil, Estimation of Phenolic and Flavonoid Content and Biological Activities of Ephedra pachyclada BOISS

Authors

  • Lekha Nath Khanal Department of Chemistry, Prithvi Narayan Campus, Tribhuvan University, Pokhara https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9450-7301
  • Khaga Raj Sharma Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1555-0887
  • Yuba Raj Pokharel Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi
  • Surya Kant Kalauni Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3126/jist.v27i1.40590

Keywords:

Antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, Ephedra pachyclada, Mustang district

Abstract

The northern areas of Nepal are rich in biodiversity and contain a large number of medicinal plant species including the Genus Ephedra of evergreen gymnosperm, belonging to the family Ephedraceae. The plants have been used by the peoples of the Himalayan region for the treatment of asthma, blood pressure, and gastritis for many years. This study was aimed for the evaluation of phytochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of methanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and n-hexane extracts, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) profiling of the essential oil of the aerial parts of Ephedra pachyclada Boiss from Mustang district of Nepal. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-dipheny-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and antimicrobial activity by the agar well diffusion method. Total phenolics and total flavonoid content were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. The methanol extract contained the highest total phenolic content of 54.42 ± 1.40 mg GAE/g followed by the ethyl acetate (46.84 ± 0.62 mg GAE/g), DCM extract (19.58 ± 0.24 mg GAE/g), and the lowest TPC was shown for n-hexane extract (5.21 ± 1.40 mg GAE/g) of the dry weight. The methanol extract showed the maximum TFC of 33.28 ± 0.48 mg QE/g, followed by ethyl acetate extract (31.73 ± 0.52 mg QE/g), DCM extract (31.64 ± 0.56 mg QE/g), and the least value was obtained for the n-hexane extract (21.44 ± 2.91 mg QE/g). The methanol extract showed the highest antioxidant activity with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 37.81 ± 2.24 μg/mL. The methanol extract showed potent activity against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) with zones of inhibition of 13 mm and 12 mm respectively. Ethyl acetate extract showed a slight potency against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) with a zone of inhibition of 9 mm. The essential oil contained diisooctyl phthalate (46.90%), dodecane, 2,6,11-trimethyl-(16.35%), dodecane, 4,6-dimethyl- (11.59%), tetrapentacontane (11.56%), and myrtenol (4.37) as the major compounds. The plant exhibited significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activities which could be used as the source to isolate the active natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent as the drug candidate in the future drug discovery process.

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Author Biographies

Lekha Nath Khanal, Department of Chemistry, Prithvi Narayan Campus, Tribhuvan University, Pokhara

Assistant Professor

Khaga Raj Sharma, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University

Assistant Professor

Yuba Raj Pokharel, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi

Associate Professor

Surya Kant Kalauni, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University

Associate Professor

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Published

2022-07-01

How to Cite

Khanal, L. N., Sharma, K. R., Pokharel, Y. R., & Kalauni, S. K. (2022). Characterization of Essential Oil, Estimation of Phenolic and Flavonoid Content and Biological Activities of Ephedra pachyclada BOISS. Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 27(1), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.3126/jist.v27i1.40590

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Section

Research Articles