Nepal India Labor Migration: A Qualitative Study of Migrant Experiences

Abstract

Introduction: Nepal-India labor movement is based on social, historical and economic links. Nepalis are allowed to work in India in many industries thanks to the open border policy. There are many Nepali migrants in India but qualitative studies on their life and challenges are few.
Methods: Twenty-five semi-structured interviews, three FGDs (6 participants each), and participation observation were conducted at Jamunaha-Rupaidiha border. This qualitative study involved individual interviews with Nepali migrant workers and their families, key informant interviews and focus group discussions in Nepal and India. The sample was selected to achieve diversity in age, gender and occupation. The working conditions, social impacts and causes of migration were identified.

Findings: The key drivers included wage differentials, lack of local employment, and established social networks hamper the migrant workers. Migrants reported that the wage theft, lack of written contracts, and exclusion from social protection schemes further escalates it.

Conclusion: For many Nepalis, labour migration is crucial for household economies. The findings demand bilateral measures between Nepal and India for the protection of migrants, safe transportation and enhancement of support services.

Novelty: This study provides a qualitative evidence on how open border policies create both opportunities and vulnerabilities for Nepali migrants in India's informal sector, with implications for bilateral labor governance.