Nepal Journal of Multidisciplinary Research

Exploring Student-Administration Relations in Educational Institutions: A Multifaceted Analysis

Rajeshwer Prasad Chaudhary — 2023-12-31

Through an in-depth investigation, this article explores the intricate relationship between students and administration in educational institutions. In order to comprehend the mechanisms that shape a vital relationship, the study looks into a variety of aspects, including communication, resource allocation, leadership, conflict resolution, and student empowerment. To obtain the research objectives, the researcher distributed 60 Likert scale structured questionnaires directly to the students in the 10 different colleges for the data collection. The data were collected from March 10 to April 25 2023. The survey research design was used. The collected data was analyzed using the SPSS 20 and excel software to determine the results. The statistical tools correlation and regression were used to analyze the data. The findings provided insights into the effectiveness of communication channels, equity in resource distribution, leadership impact on student engagement, conflict resolution strategies, and student empowerment initiatives. Thus, this investigation enhances our comprehension of the intricate relationships between students and administration, assisting in developing more encouraging and inclusive learning environments.

Does the Staff Bonus Fund Decrease the Net Profit? Empirical Insights from Nepalese Commercial Banks

Ganesh Bhattarai — 2023-12-31

This study investigates the impact of staff bonus funds, return on assets (ROA), and non-performing loans (NPLs) on Nepalese commercial banks' net profit. It also compares the individual effects of independent variables on the net profit of commercial banks. The unbalanced panel data of 11 commercial banks were gathered from various central bank reports and economic surveys of Nepal. It employs a descriptive and exploratory research design. To investigate the relationship between dependent and independent variables, statistical and econometric tools such as summary statistics, association analysis, Johnsen- Fisher and Kao co-integration test, Hausman, Breusch-Pagan, Chow test, and standardized panel fully modified ordinary least square (PFMOLS) are used. Non-performing loans hurt the calculation of net profit. The net profit of Nepal's commercial banks drops by 0.323 units for every one percent increase in non-performing loans. Similarly, a 0.234 unit increase in Nepalese commercial banks' net profit is linked to every unit increase in return on assets. The staff bonus fund is more responsible for increasing commercial banks' net profit than return on assets. This study assists policymakers in determining that employee bonuses are not only an expense but also a profit-generating tool for motivating and attracting skilled individuals. It contributes to developing appropriate strategies to reduce non-performing loans and boost the ROA of Nepalese commercial banks.

Unveiling the Tapestry of Learning: Exploring the Pedagogical Landscape for Transversal and Academic Competencies through the Lived Experiences of School Teachers and Students

Surya Sigdel — 2023-12-31

This research investigates the pedagogical approaches employed for the development of transversal and academic competencies based on the lived experiences of students and teachers. Despite the presence of qualified educators in educational activities, schools face numerous challenges in fully realizing the potential of students. In the context of developing nations like Nepal, schools and teachers encounter unpreparedness in facilitating activities geared towards enhancing students' academic and transversal competencies. Despite teachers' expressed commitment in workshops to adopt student-centered methods, conventional lecture-based approaches persist due to the impact of high-stakes testing. The absence of clear guidelines and motivation further contributes to the prioritization of traditional testing over competency-based education. Furthermore, inadequate facilities and an unsupportive environment hinder the implementation of practice-based education in schools. Recognizing that students excel when engaged in enjoyable activities, it is imperative to align educational activities with learners' needs and interests while progressing towards predefined objectives. This study advocates for a blended management model, incorporating both top-down and bottom-up approaches, to encourage teachers in adopting student-centered methods, thereby playing a pivotal role in nurturing both academic and transversal competencies. Given that both teachers and students tend to prioritize aspects that align with assessment criteria, evaluating assessments covering both competencies become crucial for a comprehensive understanding of their educational progress.

Assessment of Environmental Pollution in Mahadev Khola, Tarakeshwor Municipality

Pratima Adhikari — 2023-12-31

One of the Small tributaries of the Bishnumati River is Mahadev Khola. It originates from Ale Danda, and downstream, it gets mixed with the Bishnumati River flowing from Tokha. It is 8.9 km in length and its elevation is 2000. The river's physio-chemical and biological characteristics were analyzed to know the river's pollution status. Primary data were collected from field observation and water sample analysis tests, and the secondary data were collected from the Tarkeshwor Municipality. Data analysis was done through MS-Excel. pH, ammonia, phosphate, chloride, hardness, iron, BOD5, and conductivity increase from upstream to downstream, whereas DO decreases. Temperature, turbidity, TS, TSS, and TDS were higher at the middle point than the other two, and coliform was found in the middle and exit points. Among the three segments of the river, the quality of the source point was good in terms of standards for drinking water. The middle and exit points were in medium and lousy condition, respectively.The principal causes of deteriorating water quality in Mahadev Khola are mainly the free and direct discharges of household and industrial wastes into the river and excessive mining of sand from the river bed. Since the quality of the river is deteriorating day by day, it’s the responsibility of the local government and the people to take immediate action for its conservation.

Exploring Menstrual Hygiene: A Comprehensive Study of Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices among Higher Secondary Girl Students at Baneshwor Multiple Campus, Kathmandu, Nepal (2023)

Labanya Devi Ghimire — 2023-12-31

Introduction: Even though menstruation is a natural process, adolescent girls face various challenges including lack of knowledge, misperceptions, taboos and restrictions related to practices. The school and college environment can play a greater role in alleviating these issues by creating favorable conditions for dignified menstruation to girl students.

Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the knowledge, perceptions and practices regarding menstrual hygiene among higher secondary girl students of the Baneshwor Multiple Campus (BMC) in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire collecting data from 106 higher secondary girl students. Descriptive statistics like frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used in data analysis.

Results: All 106 girl students answered the normal monthly bleeding as the meaning of menstruation while the majority (98.1%) answered the normal body process as the cause of menstruation. Majority respondents (88.7%) reported to have knowledge about Chhapaudi but some (12.3%) still considered it as a legal tradition. Large majority of the girl students still followed menstrual restrictions with visiting temple (83%) and attending religious events (61.3%) being most common. Two-third students (65.1%) were unable to focus on study in campus when menstruating. Majority of students (71.7%) used disposable sanitary pads during their last menstruation but more than two-third (69.8%) reported of not being able to change it as often as liked in campus. Nearly half of girl students (43.45%) missed campus due to menstruation in the last three months with main reasons cited as pain, fear of leakage and tiredness. While half of students (49.1%) affirmed of sanitary materials being provided by campus management but only one-third (33%) of them reported it to be adequate.

Conclusion: Knowledge regarding the meaning and cause of menstruation was nearly universal among higher secondary girl students of BMC. Some regarded the curse of god as the cause of menstruation and Chaupadi as a legal tradition while majority still followed menstrual restrictions one or other types, suggesting the need to raise awareness for breaking taboos and stigma surrounding menstruation. Supply of disposable sanitary pads was reported to be inadequate and one-third were unable to focus on study in campus during menstruation, suggesting improved supply of materials and menstruation-friendly environment in campus.

Impact of COVID-19 on People with Disabilities in Nepal: A Preview into Assistive Technology Use during Pandemic

Sujala Mathema — 2023-12-31

This article is related to a desk study on the impact of COVID-19 on the lives of people with disabilities and the use of assistive technology together with the impact of assistive technology use by people with disabilities during the pandemic in Nepal. Along with the impact on the global economy, food security, and mental health, COVID-19 has devastating effects on the healthcare systems, shifting resources from disease treatments to the management of COVID-19. In such crises, marginalized groups such as people with disabilities are often neglected. An intensive literature search was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar with a thorough search of all possible government and non-government reports on the research interests. The situation was found to be devastating in a low-income country like Nepal where the majority of the people with disabilities were not provided with government social protection assistance. People with disabilities experienced an increased level of anxiety and depression because of the pandemic and lockdowns in the country. Many people with disabilities heavily depend on assistive technology to perform their daily activities but due to the pandemic delivery of assistive technology services has reduced drastically. A disability-inclusive response is recommended to empower people with disabilities to handle their lives in difficult circumstances, and increase access to health care, and assistive technology use.

Enhancing Investment Strategies: A Comprehensive Technical Analysis Approach for Informed Buy-Sell-Hold Decisions in NEPSE (Nepal Stock Exchange)

Dushyant Lal Joshi — 2023-12-31

Stock price forecasting is a type of time series issue that anticipates a company's condition based on an analysis of time values. To address the Buy-Sell-Hold problem, investors need to make accurate predictions about future indices or stock price changes. In this study, data was collected for 6 months (February 2023 to July 2023), and technical trading tools such as candlesticks, Bollinger Band, and MACD were used. While personal views of respondents were taken from Google Form Questionnaire Surveys to determine the Buy-Sell-Hold in NEPSE. A questionnaire survey yielded 62 responses. A combined chart of Candle Sticks, BB, and MACD gives better results compared to the analysis of a single technical indicator. This data shows that 70.97% agreed that the technical analysis gives the right path and decision, and the rest 29.03% did not agree with the technical analysis to predict the Buy-Sell-Hold decisions. However, seeing the statically, real distribution of the "Buy-Sell-Hold" would be helpful for a fuller analysis and understanding of the data. These analyses can be favourable to the good economic and political condition of Nepal.

Impact of Quality of Work Life on Employees' Commitment to Private Commercial Banks of Hetauda

Gautam K.C. — 2023-12-31

The quality of work life (QWL) and employee commitment have been a subject of interest among managers and academicians for a long period to enhance organizational performance. Quality of work life is the quality of the relationship between employees and the total work environment, concern for the impact of work on individuals as well as on organisation effectiveness, and the idea of participation in organisational problem-solving and decision-making in concurrence with the ascertained importance of an employee’s role in the service exchange process. This present study attempts to test the relationship between the quality of work life and employee commitment in the commercial bank of Hetauda. The research is a cross-sectional field survey and correlational study. Among a total of 240 employees currently working in Hetauda, 150 employees were selected as the sample of the study in 2023. In order to fulfil the research objectives, the primary data were collected using structured questionnaires. Purposive sampling was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics tools as per the requirement to study the responses and findings were derived. The result of the study indicated that there was a positive correlation between the quality of work life (supervisor support, working conditions, professional development, adequate remuneration and work-life balance) and employee commitment (affective commitment, normative commitment and continuance commitment). The study concluded that there were theoretical and practical implications. Regression analysis showed that there was a significant impact of quality work life on employees (affective commitment, normative commitment and continuance commitments).

Globalization, Citizenship and Subjectivity: An analysis of the changes in the last five generations in my family

Sindhu Gyawali — 2023-12-31

Human Subjectivities are shaped by one’s social position and practices in the social field. Subjectivities may be durable, but they are changeable. The subjectivities one carries may differ from generation to generation. What I perceive about myself is different from what my parents perceived and what my grandparents perceived and how they developed their subjectivities. We have to see these human subjectivities across time and space. This paper explores the interplay of local, national and global social fields in forming subjectivity and in analyzing the changes in the last five generations in my family. I began my study by looking at the genealogy of Gyawali family. I approached the emergence of such changes through the theoretical lens of Bourdieu, Foucault, and Anderson. As the research problem I wanted to investigate was of a historical nature, the methods that I could choose were already conditioned by that. I picked up oral history research, and biographical interviews as two basic research methods. The changes in the way of life in my family due to such fields can be seen directly in the economy, use of technology, way of life and ultimately in the culture. When we entered into the globalization process the traditional norms and values of the family have transformed with the global way of life. We are becoming more self-reliant and empowered but at the same time, it has also created mental anxiety and stress. New subjectivities and identities have emerged in the last five generations in my family.

Scrutinizing the Bachelor Level Students’ Understanding of Forgiveness

Lok Raj Sharma — 2023-12-31

Forgiveness, defined as a deliberate and voluntary act to release oneself from resentment, grievances and the urge for revenge, plays a prominent role in promoting compassion, harmony, and peace. Despite its profound prominence, different people retain a different understanding of its existence. The key objective of this article is to scrutinize the understanding of forgiveness among the bachelor level students enrolled in the faculties of Education and Management at Makawanpur Multiple Campus in Hetauda, Nepal during the academic year 2022-2023. Employing a cross-sectional survey research design, 329 students were randomly gleaned from a pool of 2240 by maintaining a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 5%. The respondents were selected using computer-generated random numbers. Primary data were collected through close-ended questions regarding the students' understanding of forgiveness, while secondary data were compiled from extensive reviews of books, journal articles, and website documents spanning the years 1978 to 2013. The findings based on frequency and percent statistics reveal that 170 students (51.7%) perceived forgiveness as a strength, whereas 159 students (48.3%) regarded it as a weakness. Chi-square test shows that there was no significant association between gender and the students’ understanding of forgiveness (χ² = 1.6, df=1, p > .05), whereas there was a significant association between faculty and the students’ understanding of forgiveness (χ² = 55.755, df= 1, p < .05). The practical implication of this article lies in underscoring the need for targeted educational interventions and curriculum enhancements aimed at promoting a deeper comprehension of forgiveness among students for enhancing human relationships and reducing negative emotions.

Exploring the Academic Landscape: A Critical Analysis and Review of the Nepal Journal of Multidisciplinary Research [NJMR]

Dipak Mahat — 2023-12-31

The establishment of the Nepal Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (NJMR) aimed to facilitate the exchange of knowledge among global scholars. Consequently, a thorough examination of NJMR's trajectory toward its objectives became essential. This investigation, conducted through systematic review methods, durations five years and encompasses 164 articles, including one special issue. Throughout this period, the journal exhibited growing interest across diverse areas of study, although a notable observation was the limited citations in many articles.

The majority of contributions came from scholars in Nepal and India, covering a wide range of subjects. Notably, Tribhuvan University emerged as a leading contributor, particularly in the areas of software development and cultural practices, which received more citations. The predominant focus of the journal was on quantitative research; however, there is a recognized need to acknowledge and emphasize the value of qualitative findings.

To enhance its academic standing, the Nepal Journal of Multidisciplinary Research [NJMR] could benefit from increased global awareness, engagement, and a more balanced approach to research methods. Gaining wider acceptance may involve fostering international collaboration and ensuring a more comprehensive representation of qualitative research within its publications. By addressing these aspects, the journal has the potential to elevate its academic impact and contribute more substantially to the global scholarly community.

Stock Returns and Volatility: A Study of the Nepal Stock Market

Narad Kumar Thapa — 2023-12-31

The study shows the relationship between volatility and stock return for the NEPSE Index and NEPSE banking stocks. In this study, the NEPSE index and banking stock index were used to compare the risk-return trade-offs between the NEPSE index with the ADBL Bank and NBL Bank in Nepal. Secondary data are the major sources of information and the data were obtained from the NEPSE website over 5-years period, from 2018 to 2022. In this study, beta coefficients were calculated, indicating that both banks are perceived to have lower systematic risk than the overall stock market. This suggests that these banks are relatively less exposed to market volatility. The study will be useful for investors evaluating the safety of government bank stocks as an investment. Furthermore, this research is anticipated to offer valuable perspectives to investors assessing the security and appeal of government bank stocks as a potential investment. It not only illuminates the risk-return characteristics of these stocks but also acts as an informative guide for investors seeking to make well-informed choices in the Nepalese stock market.

Concepts and Measures of Outreach and Sustainability in Microfinance Institutions

Tilak Ghising — 2023-12-31

This paper investigates the ideas of outreach and sustainability in South Asian Microfinance Institutions (MFIs), assessing their effectiveness in reaching financially disadvantaged individuals. The literature review emphasizes MFIs' social goals and the need for a comprehensive impact assessment. The study, utilizing a mixed-method approach, conducts a descriptive survey with 400 respondents in Madhesh Pradesh, Nepal, employing statistical tools like SPSS and Excel. Findings reveal varied perspectives on MFIs' positive effects on education, income, and community dynamics. The assessment of outreach efforts considers mission alignment, geographical scope, and collateral requirements, showing a moderate alignment, broad reach, and moderate collateral needs. The study highlights the intricate role of MFIs in addressing socio-economic challenges, emphasizing the necessity for nuanced understanding in the microfinance sector.

Assessing the Influence of Financial Literacy and Economic Independence on Investment Decisions

Ajaya Kumar Khadka — 2023-12-31

This study examines the variables influencing individual investors' decisions to make investments in the fast-paced financial landscape of Nepal. Two main goals were investigated: first, the relationship between financial literacy, investment decisions, and economic independence was explored; second, the effects of these aspects were examined in detail. The results show a robust positive association between financial literacy and wise decision-making, as well as between investment decisions and economic independence. Its importance was highlighted when it was found that economic independence strongly predicted investment decisions. Furthermore, financial literacy was shown to be an essential aspect impacting investing preferences. These findings underscore the significance of financial education and empowerment for individual investors in Nepal. Prospective avenues for investigation comprise delving into cultural impacts, evaluating the effectiveness of financial literacy initiatives, and examining the effects of nascent FinTech platforms on investing choices. This research adds to our understanding of the dynamics of investments in Nepal's changing financial system and provides valuable information for policymakers and investors.

Exploring the Nexus of Colonialism, Indigenous Knowledge and Climate Action in Amitav Ghosh’s The Living Mountain: A Fable of Our Times

Babu Ram Khanal — 2023-12-31

This paper in Amitav Ghosh's The Living Mountain: A Fable of Our Times (2022) depicts the complex nexus between climate action, colonialism, and indigenous knowledge. Set in a remote Himalayan valley, the story follows the warring tribes who live around a sacred mountain, later forced to become the servants of the 'Anthropoi', the foreigners who have come there to climb and mine the mountain. The outsiders’ interests in exploring the mountain and its natural resources have threatened the lives of the natives. A postcolonial eco-critical approach is adopted to investigate how Ghosh portrays the relationship between climate change and colonialism through illustrations of invaders’ dismissal of the indigenous knowledge on environmental issues, de-sacralisation of the Sacred Mountain, etc. Similarly, the study explores the mind of the writer who seems to argue that climate change is a direct consequence of colonialism, which has led to a worldview that promotes nature as something to be conquered and exploited. Similarly, this study emphasizes the importance of indigenous knowledge for climate action, suggesting that it is essential for developing sustainable solutions to the climate crisis.

Comprehensive Analysis of Land Use and Land Cover Shifts from A Redd Perspective: A Case Study of Banepa Municipality, Nepal

Sujan Ghimire — 2023-12-31

This paper examines the dynamic changes in land use and cover in Banepa Municipality over three decades, from 1991 to 2021, using the remote sensing method within the REDD perspective. It uncovers an 11% surge in built-up areas and a 5% decline in forest cover, with minimal agricultural fluctuations (1%) and a substantial 7% decrease in barren land. Urgent concerns about ecological balance prompt a call for immediate REDD implementation.

To address these issues, the study advocates for employing monitoring methods, including remote sensing, to evaluate forest and land resources. This data can inform comprehensive studies on the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, alongside feasibility and sectorial analyses, including cost-benefit assessments for effective land-use planning. The conclusion stresses the imperative need for planned urban development in Banepa to preserve open spaces, forests, and agriculture. This study provides vital insights into the intricate relationship between land-use changes and climate impact, emphasizing the urgency of sustainable development actions.

Exploring the Perspectives of Tribhuvan University Undergraduate Students Toward Business Statistics: A Study of Shanker Dev Campus

Srijana Khadka — 2023-12-31

This comprehensive study explored the intricate determinants of Tribhuvan University undergraduate students' attitudes toward business statistics, employing a mixed-methods approach to capture the multifaceted nature of their perceptions. Grounded in theoretical frameworks such as the Theory of Reasoned Action, Expectancy-Value Theory, Cognitive Load Theory, and Effort-Performance Theory, the research analyses the relationship and influence of cognitive competence, value, difficulty, and effort with students' attitudes. With a large sample size of 328 students, the study employs a descriptive and causal-comparative research design to uncover significant correlations between these variables. The regression results highlight the predictive power of cognitive competence, value, difficulty, and effort on students' attitudes, providing valuable insights for educators and stakeholders in enhancing the learning experience in business statistics. The findings underscore the dynamic interplay of these factors over time, emphasizing the need for tailored educational strategies and interventions to foster positive attitudes and outcomes in the field.

Celebrating Multiculturalism in School Education: Parents’ Perspectives

Geeta Chettry — 2023-12-31

Inclusion is progressively becoming a fundamental aspect of societal norms. Multicultural education is an educational approach that aims to integrate diversity into the learning process. The objective of this educational approach is to mitigate biases and stereotypes associated with other cultures and ethnicities. Nepal is a diverse nation, including several cultures, languages, and ethnic groups within a compact geographical region. In an increasingly globalized society, the implementation of multicultural education is imperative, but it presents some difficulties. This study examines the role of parents in implementing multicultural education in a school context by exploring their viewpoints and understanding of the topic.

Assessing the Nexus between Climate Change and Public Health in Nepal: A Comprehensive Exploration of Impacts, Vulnerabilities, and Adaptive Strategies

Uddhav Sigdel — 2023-12-31

Climate change and variability exert a global influence, affecting individuals and regions across the world. However, its impact is particularly pronounced in specific geographical areas and their inhabitants. Nepal, a globally recognized mountainous country, encompasses 18 percent of the world's mountainous terrain and spans 4.3 million km² across eight Asian countries: Nepal, Bhutan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, India, Myanmar, and Pakistan. These Asian regions are experiencing a warming trend that surpasses the global average, accompanied by a significant increase in precipitation over the past six decades, leading to heightened frequency and intensity of specific extreme events. The alterations in temperature and precipitation have already impacted and are expected to continue affecting various climate-dependent sectors such as hydrology, agriculture, biodiversity, and human health. This paper aims to document the historical and anticipated impacts of climate change on the health and well-being of Nepal's population, providing adaptation and mitigation strategies to alleviate these effects. Additionally, the study assesses the indirect impact of agriculture and other human-related issues on human health and well-being. Utilizing narrative review processes, the research concludes the outlined issues. In Nepal, climate change contributes to complex challenges, resulting in the proliferation of infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases (NCDs), malnutrition, and injuries, as evident from this review. Consequently, the prompt implementation of climate change adaptation and mitigation measures is imperative to protect the vulnerable populations residing in the country.

Investigating the Essence of Organizational Identity: Perspectives from Employees in the Banking Sector of Nepal

Anu Thapa — 2023-12-31

This study pursued to examine employees' perceptions of organizational identity in different banks within the Nepalese banking industry and to identify the relationship between perceptions of organizational identity on demographic factors. To define the features and pinpoint the relationship, the descriptive research design is used for the study. A total of 228 employees were chosen to investigate the findings of this study. The survey included just the banks in the Kathmandu district. Questionnaires with Likert scales were employed as data collection techniques, and mean, standard deviation, and correlation were utilized to analyze the data. SPSS was used to investigate the outcome. Employee perceptions of organizational identity in the Nepalese banking industry vary widely, reflecting diverse levels of personal attachment and identification. Demographic factors like gender, marital status, and age do not significantly impact these perceptions, indicating consistency across different employee groups. This underscores the importance of recognizing individual differences while understanding that organizational identity remains stable and consistent within the industry. Organizations can use this knowledge to enhance employee engagement and foster a sense of identity, contributing to overall success. In conclusion, Nepalese banking employees share a common organizational identity despite their diverse individual perceptions.

Probing Factors Influencing Students' Bank Selection: A Case Study of British Gurkha College

Sonam Gole — 2023-12-31

This study addressed the factors impacting students' bank choices in Nepal, bridging a research gap regarding Nepalese students. Employing a descriptive research design with quantitative methods, data was collected from 40 students. The findings unveiled influential factors: past bank experiences, bank image, staff friendliness, recommendations, interest rates, ATM services, mobile banking ease, debit card ease, direct bank approaches, advertising, bank location, and virtual access. These factors exhibited varying degrees of impact, with recommendations, bank location, and ATM services as prominent influencers. This study offers valuable insights for Nepal's banks to tailor marketing strategies and enhance their competitiveness in a burgeoning banking market.

Examining Employee Perceptions of External Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives in the Nepalese Banking Sector: A Descriptive Analysis

Yangsang Yonghang — 2023-12-31

The study aimed to explore employee perceptions of external corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities in the Nepalese banking sector. The study used a descriptive research design and collected primary data using questionnaires distributed to employees of commercial banks in Nepal. A real sample was used, and the sample size was 40 participants. The study results show that employees have a positive perception of their company's external CSR efforts, including charitable contributions and environmental initiatives. Importantly, demographic factors like gender, marital status, age, years of service, and education do not significantly influence these perceptions. Thus, the organization’s commitment to external CSR appears consistent across diverse employee demographics. Future researchers can explore the relationship between employees' active involvement in CSR activities, such as volunteering, and their perceptions of the company's CSR commitment.