Agricultural Production under Climate Stress: Farmer Perceptions and Vulnerability in Sigas-2 Baitadi

Abstract

Climate change is gradually affecting agricultural production in the hill regions of Nepal, particularly the rain-fed farms that remain the primary source of livelihood for rural households. In Sigas-2, Baitadi, changing temperature, irregular rainfall, and seasonal shifts have created increasing stress on farming systems and household livelihoods. The purpose of this study is to examine farmers’ perceptions of climate change, agricultural vulnerability, and local adaptation practices in the study area. The study has applied a descriptive mixed-method approach by using household survey, key informant interviews, field observation, and meteorological records to facilitate the aim of the study. The analysis of the study reveals that farmers have widely experienced rising temperature, erratic rainfall, drying water sources, increasing pests and diseases, declining soil fertility, and higher farming costs, which together have reduced crop yields and household agricultural income. On the contrary, although farmers have adopted measures such as adjusting planting dates, changing crop varieties, and using simple water-saving practices, these responses remain limited and short-term due to weak irrigation access, inadequate extension support, and low financial capacity. Hence, better institutional support, improved irrigation facilities, and climate-responsive extension services are necessary at the local level to strengthen the agricultural resilience to recognize the climate stresses. This study concluded that agricultural vulnerability in the Sigas-2 is also shaped by limited adaptation capabilities and a weak support system rather than just climate exposure. As a result, the sustainable adaptation strategies and practical climate-resilient support system for the farmers’ households should be promoted immediately rather than short-term coping mechanisms.