From Yam to Pivot: Theoretical Insights on Nepal’s Foreign Policy

Abstract

Geography has remained an instrumental factor in shaping Nepal’s foreign policy for a considerable time. The presence of dominant powers in the neighborhood and beyond has made Nepal concerned about safeguarding its vital interests. For this reason, its strategic position is referred to as the ‘yam between three boulders’. Hence, this article aims to apply the leading theories of international relations, namely Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism, in analysing the shifting trends in Nepal’s foreign policy behavior. There has been a gradual shift in traditional balance policy towards a hedging policy. This strategy provides a realistic viewpoint that explains the unfolding, complex relations in contemporary foreign policy. Liberalism fosters Nepal's engagement in multilateral treaties, active participation in various regional and global forums, and adherence to international law. Foreign policy adopts a constructivist insight in its enduring commitment to non-alignment, neutrality, and the value of world peace. Nepal, as a small power, behaved realistically during the escalating mode of external threat. It followed a constructivist approach to resist pressure from powerful neighbors, whereas the liberal viewpoint prevailed during periods of regional and global relaxation. The study concludes that a sensitive geostrategic position, shifting global power, the emergence of new actors, and changes in the domestic power sequence have led to a shift in foreign policy behaviour. This article assumes a qualitative approach and uses secondary sources to gather the required data.