Overweight and obesity and associated factors among medical representatives in Kathmandu valley
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3126/jmcjms.v7i1.30003Keywords:
overweight, obesity, BMI, Lifestyle, chronic diseasesAbstract
Background and Objectives: Overweight/obesity is rising problem both in developed and developing countries. This condition is important because it can lead to many chronic health conditions and is responsible for both morbidity and mortality. Medical Representatives (MRs) is one of those jobs which require minimum physical activity with good salary. MRs spends most of the day time meeting doctors of different locations. These factors make them vulnerable to overweight/obesity.
Material and Methods: This study is cross sectional study in Kathmandu Valley. MRs of different company were the part of this study. Anthropometric measurements weight and height were used to calculate BMI and BMI was used to classify whether individual was normal or overweight/obesity. Semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess dietary and other lifestyle factors. Data were analyzed in SPSS to find out relationships between different factors and overweight/obesity.
Results: The prevalence of overweight/obesity was found to be 64.93%. Men were significantly more overweight/obese than women. Age, Income and most of the dietary/lifestyles factors were found to be significant with overweight/obesity.
Conclusion: Prevalence of overweight/obesity among MR was found to be high. MR job can be considered vulnerable to overweight/obesity because of alteration in many dietary and lifestyle factors.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Abstract
464
PDF
256
References
1. Ghaffar A, Reddy KS, Singhi M. Burden of non-communicable diseases in South Asia. Br. Med. J. 2004;328:807-810.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7443.807
2. The World Health Report 2008: Primary Health Care (Now More Than Ever); World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland. 2008.
3. Balkau B, Deanfield JE, Despres JP, Bassand JP, Fox KAA, Smith SC, Jr. Barter P, Tan CE, Van Gaal L, et al. International day for the evaluation of abdominal obesity (IDEA): a study of waist circumference, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus in 168,000 primary care patients in 63 countries. Circulation.2007;116:1942-1951.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.676379
4. Misra A, Khurana L. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008;93:9-30.
https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1595
5. Balarajan Y, Villamor E. Nationally representative surveys show recent increases in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age in Bangladesh, Nepal, and India. J. Nutr. 2009;139:2139-2144.
https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.112029
6. Hu FB. Obesity epidemiology. Oxford University Press; Oxford; New York. 2008: 498.
7. Vaidya A, Shakya-Vaidya S, Krettek A. Obesity Prevalence in Nepal: Public Health Challenges in a Low-Income Nation during an Alarming Worldwide Trend. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2010;7:2726-44.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7062726
8. Boo NY, Chia GJ, Wong LC, Chew RM, Chong W, Loo RC. The prevalence of obesity among clinical students in a Malaysian medical school. Singap. Med. J. 2010;51:126-132.
9. Lin YC, Yen LL, Chen SY, et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity and its associated
factors: findings from National Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan, 1993-1996. Preventive Medicine. 2003;37(3):233-241.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-7435(03)00119-1
10. Rawal LB, Kanda K, Mahumud RA, Joshi D, Mehata S, Shrestha N, et al. Prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity and their associated risk factors in Nepalese adults: Data from a Nationwide Survey, 2016. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(11).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205912
11. Reas DL, NygårdJF, Svensson E, Sørensen T, Sandanger I. Changes in body mass index by age, gender, and socio-economic status among a cohort of Norwegian men and women (1990-2001). BMC public health. 2007;7: 269.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-269
12. Grabner M. BMI Trends, Socioeconomic Status, and the Choice of Dataset. Obes Facts 2012;5:112-126.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000337018
13. Monteiro CA, Moura EC, Conde WL, Popkin BM. Socioeconomic status and obesity in adult populations of developing countries: a review. Bull World Health Organ. 2004 82(12):940-6.
14. Fouad M, Rastam S, Ward K, Maziak W. (2006). Prevalence of obesity and its associated factors in Aleppo, Syria. Prev Control. 2006;2(2):85-94.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precon.2006.09.001
15. Olatunbosun ST, Kaufman JS, Bella AF. Prevalence of obesity and overweight in urban adult Nigerians. Obes Rev. 2011;12(4):233-41.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00801.x
16. El Rhazi K, Nejjari C, Zidouh A, et al. Prevalence of obesity and associated sociodemographic and lifestyle factors in Morocco. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14(1):160-7.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980010001825
17. Wang R, Zhang S. Prevalence of overweight and obesity and some associated factors among adult residents of northeast China: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open. 2016;6(7):216-232.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010828
18. Hu G, Hu G, Pekkarinen H et al. Comparison of dietary and non-dietary risk factors in overweight and normal-weight Chinese adults. Br J Nutr 2002;88:91-7.
https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN2002590
19. Nojomi, M.; Najamabadi, S. Obesity among university students, Tehran, Iran. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 15, 516-520.
20. Wang R, Zhang S. Prevalence of overweight and obesity and some associated factors among adult residents of northeast China: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open. 2016;6(7):216-232.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010828
21. Ham E, Kim HJ. Evaluation of fruit intake and its relation to body mass index of adolescents. Clinical nutrition research. 2014;3(2):126-133.
https://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2014.3.2.126
22. Kim JH, Kim YS, Kim Y, Kang MS. Fruit and vegetable consumption and factors affecting fruit and vegetable consumption of school children and adolescents: findings from focus-group interviews with school nutrition teachers and nutritionists. Korean J Community Living Sci. 2013;24:567-581.
https://doi.org/10.7856/kjcls.2013.24.4.567
23. Cho S, Kim W. Sugar intakes and metabolic syndrome. Korean J Nutr. 2007;40:39-49.
24. Cheminant G, Cheminant J, Tucker L, Bailey B., A randomized controlled trial to study the effects of breakfast on energy intake, physical activity, and body fat in women who are nonhabitual breakfast eaters. Appetite. 2017;112: 44-51.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.041
25. Kahleova H, Lloren JI, Mashchak A, Hill M, Fraser GE. Meal Frequency and Timing Are Associated with Changes in Body Mass Index in Adventist Health Study 2. J Nutr. 2017;147(9):1722-1728.
https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.244749
26. Murakami K, Livingstone MB. Eating Frequency Is Positively Associated with Overweight and Central Obesity in U.S. Adults. J Nutr. 2015;145(12):2715-24.
https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.219808
27. Vasconcellos F, Seabra A, Katzmarzyk PT, Kraemer-Aguiar LG, Bouskela E, Farinatti P. Physical activity in overweight and obese adolescents: systematic review of the effects on physical fitness components and cardiovascular risk factors. Sports Med. 2014;44(8):1139-52.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0193-7
28. Reas DL, Nygard JF, Sorensen T. Do quitters have anything to lose? Changes in body mass index for daily, never, and former smokers over an 11-year period (1990-2001). Scand J Public Health. 2009;37(7):774-7.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494809344654
29. Bell AC, Ge K, Popkin BM.,Weight gain and its predictors in Chinese adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(7):1079-86.
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801651
30. French MT, Norton EC, Fang H, et al. Alcohol consumption and body weight. Health Econ. 2010;19:814-32.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1521
31. Mozaffarian D, Hao T, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB. Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:2392-404.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1014296
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7443.807
2. The World Health Report 2008: Primary Health Care (Now More Than Ever); World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland. 2008.
3. Balkau B, Deanfield JE, Despres JP, Bassand JP, Fox KAA, Smith SC, Jr. Barter P, Tan CE, Van Gaal L, et al. International day for the evaluation of abdominal obesity (IDEA): a study of waist circumference, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus in 168,000 primary care patients in 63 countries. Circulation.2007;116:1942-1951.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.676379
4. Misra A, Khurana L. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008;93:9-30.
https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1595
5. Balarajan Y, Villamor E. Nationally representative surveys show recent increases in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age in Bangladesh, Nepal, and India. J. Nutr. 2009;139:2139-2144.
https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.112029
6. Hu FB. Obesity epidemiology. Oxford University Press; Oxford; New York. 2008: 498.
7. Vaidya A, Shakya-Vaidya S, Krettek A. Obesity Prevalence in Nepal: Public Health Challenges in a Low-Income Nation during an Alarming Worldwide Trend. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2010;7:2726-44.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7062726
8. Boo NY, Chia GJ, Wong LC, Chew RM, Chong W, Loo RC. The prevalence of obesity among clinical students in a Malaysian medical school. Singap. Med. J. 2010;51:126-132.
9. Lin YC, Yen LL, Chen SY, et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity and its associated
factors: findings from National Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan, 1993-1996. Preventive Medicine. 2003;37(3):233-241.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-7435(03)00119-1
10. Rawal LB, Kanda K, Mahumud RA, Joshi D, Mehata S, Shrestha N, et al. Prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity and their associated risk factors in Nepalese adults: Data from a Nationwide Survey, 2016. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(11).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205912
11. Reas DL, NygårdJF, Svensson E, Sørensen T, Sandanger I. Changes in body mass index by age, gender, and socio-economic status among a cohort of Norwegian men and women (1990-2001). BMC public health. 2007;7: 269.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-7-269
12. Grabner M. BMI Trends, Socioeconomic Status, and the Choice of Dataset. Obes Facts 2012;5:112-126.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000337018
13. Monteiro CA, Moura EC, Conde WL, Popkin BM. Socioeconomic status and obesity in adult populations of developing countries: a review. Bull World Health Organ. 2004 82(12):940-6.
14. Fouad M, Rastam S, Ward K, Maziak W. (2006). Prevalence of obesity and its associated factors in Aleppo, Syria. Prev Control. 2006;2(2):85-94.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precon.2006.09.001
15. Olatunbosun ST, Kaufman JS, Bella AF. Prevalence of obesity and overweight in urban adult Nigerians. Obes Rev. 2011;12(4):233-41.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00801.x
16. El Rhazi K, Nejjari C, Zidouh A, et al. Prevalence of obesity and associated sociodemographic and lifestyle factors in Morocco. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14(1):160-7.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980010001825
17. Wang R, Zhang S. Prevalence of overweight and obesity and some associated factors among adult residents of northeast China: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open. 2016;6(7):216-232.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010828
18. Hu G, Hu G, Pekkarinen H et al. Comparison of dietary and non-dietary risk factors in overweight and normal-weight Chinese adults. Br J Nutr 2002;88:91-7.
https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN2002590
19. Nojomi, M.; Najamabadi, S. Obesity among university students, Tehran, Iran. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 15, 516-520.
20. Wang R, Zhang S. Prevalence of overweight and obesity and some associated factors among adult residents of northeast China: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open. 2016;6(7):216-232.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010828
21. Ham E, Kim HJ. Evaluation of fruit intake and its relation to body mass index of adolescents. Clinical nutrition research. 2014;3(2):126-133.
https://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2014.3.2.126
22. Kim JH, Kim YS, Kim Y, Kang MS. Fruit and vegetable consumption and factors affecting fruit and vegetable consumption of school children and adolescents: findings from focus-group interviews with school nutrition teachers and nutritionists. Korean J Community Living Sci. 2013;24:567-581.
https://doi.org/10.7856/kjcls.2013.24.4.567
23. Cho S, Kim W. Sugar intakes and metabolic syndrome. Korean J Nutr. 2007;40:39-49.
24. Cheminant G, Cheminant J, Tucker L, Bailey B., A randomized controlled trial to study the effects of breakfast on energy intake, physical activity, and body fat in women who are nonhabitual breakfast eaters. Appetite. 2017;112: 44-51.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.041
25. Kahleova H, Lloren JI, Mashchak A, Hill M, Fraser GE. Meal Frequency and Timing Are Associated with Changes in Body Mass Index in Adventist Health Study 2. J Nutr. 2017;147(9):1722-1728.
https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.244749
26. Murakami K, Livingstone MB. Eating Frequency Is Positively Associated with Overweight and Central Obesity in U.S. Adults. J Nutr. 2015;145(12):2715-24.
https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.219808
27. Vasconcellos F, Seabra A, Katzmarzyk PT, Kraemer-Aguiar LG, Bouskela E, Farinatti P. Physical activity in overweight and obese adolescents: systematic review of the effects on physical fitness components and cardiovascular risk factors. Sports Med. 2014;44(8):1139-52.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0193-7
28. Reas DL, Nygard JF, Sorensen T. Do quitters have anything to lose? Changes in body mass index for daily, never, and former smokers over an 11-year period (1990-2001). Scand J Public Health. 2009;37(7):774-7.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494809344654
29. Bell AC, Ge K, Popkin BM.,Weight gain and its predictors in Chinese adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(7):1079-86.
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801651
30. French MT, Norton EC, Fang H, et al. Alcohol consumption and body weight. Health Econ. 2010;19:814-32.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1521
31. Mozaffarian D, Hao T, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB. Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:2392-404.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1014296
Downloads
Published
2019-12-31
How to Cite
Upadhyay-Dhungel, K., & Adhikari, B. (2019). Overweight and obesity and associated factors among medical representatives in Kathmandu valley. Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Science, 7(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.3126/jmcjms.v7i1.30003
Issue
Section
Research Articles
License
© JMCJMS, JMC, Janakpur, Nepal
