Invisible Labor: Office Workers Who are Never Paid — An Assessment of Ramgram Municipality

Abstract

Work is a significant social determinant of health. Although employment generally benefits health through a variety of material and psychosocial factors, stress-related factors like security, pay, hours, and autonomy vary the health benefits of work. However, employment may only be half the story when it comes to understanding work and health. A lot of attention has been paid to unpaid labor. Some of the well-known factors that contribute to work stress in some industries may also be present in unpaid labor, and unpaid labor may have an indirect impact on health through its effect on employment outcomes and opportunities. In all countries, women continue to perform more unpaid labor than men do, and women continue to be more likely than men to work fewer hours due to caregiving responsibilities and in low-paying and precarious occupations. Gender inequality in the distribution of unpaid labor is thought to contribute to these disparities, as women continue to earn less than men and are under-represented in decision-making roles.