Violation of the Social Contract and Gen-Z Movement in Nepal

Abstract

This paper examines whether Nepali political parties are violating the social contract that underpins the legitimacy of the federal democratic republic. Drawing on the classical theories of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau, it outlines normative benchmarks for political legitimacy, which are order and stability, protection of rights, and inclusive participation. Nepal’s political course from monarchy to republic is reviewed through key historical milestones: the 1990 Constitution, the 2006 Comprehensive Peace Agreement, the 2015 Constitution, and recent Gen Z Movement. Despite some achievements, evidence suggests recurrent breaches of the social contract. Declining accountability, elite and party capture, incomplete inclusion of youths and marginalized groups, systemic corruption, manipulation of constitutional processes, and weak internal party democracy are violations of the contract. The political parties have delivered notable gains by ending the decade long insurgency, adopting an inclusive constitution, expanding representation through proportional system, and maintaining regular election. However, these are undermined by their practices that prioritize private or factional interests over public welfare. The analysis concludes that Nepal’s current situation reflects a significant violation of the social contract resulting to a violent Gen Z Movement. Without substantial reforms to strengthen accountability, meaningful inclusion, and responsiveness, public trust may continue to weaken, threatening further to the stability and legitimacy of Nepal’s democratic governance.