A Bi-annual South Asian Journal of Research & Innovation

Editorial Vol.10(1)

2024-05-20T08:53:52+00:00

It is our pleasure to present the 10th volume of the journal of scholars to all academic as well as the non academic research article readers in the education sectors. This journal aims to contribute in understanding local socioeconomic and cultural realities, the major objective of this journal is to empower the researchers. Through its publications, the journal give priority to the problems and suggestions on the methodological as well as substantive are in education. This journal encourages the researchers as well as other scholars in the field of education to publish their research findings, which can include dissertation summaries and other educational research monographs. In thus provide an ample opportunities to students to take part in academic exercise to promote knowledge.

It is not our ambition to develop a distinct education school in South Asia but we hope to contribute to develop a distinct education of this region by providing supplementary information in our field. We thank to all contributors who supported us in many ways to publish this journal.

Effectiveness of Social Health Insurance Program in Nepal: Challenges and Recommendations

2024-05-20T08:59:06+00:00

The article explores into the concept of health insurance in Nepal as a means of financial protection against unexpected medical expenses. It outlines commitment to providing fundamental health care as a citizen's right and the challenges faced in Nepal to achieving this goal. The study highlights the initiation and expansion of the Social Health Insurance Program, marking to suggestion financial security to individuals and families during illness. Despite progress, economic, social, and institutional barriers hinder many citizens' access to adequate health services. The paper emphasizes the importance of health insurance for low and middle-income families, addressing concerns of economic hardship due to healthcare costs. Challenges in the implementation of the program are discussed, including issues related to organizational systems, service delivery, infrastructure, and budgetary constraints. The need for collaboration between government bodies, quality improvement in healthcare facilities, and better management of health workers is emphasized. The successful implementation of health insurance in Nepal is seen as a pivotal step towards achieving universal health coverage, alleviating financial burdens on citizens, and contributing to national development goals and international commitments.

Public Procurement And Project Management At Transitional Context : Analysis Of Single Source Contracting Practices

2024-05-20T09:07:04+00:00

Procurement of goods, works and services are considered as key functions of every government to achieve their development strategy goals which consumes the large amount of national GDP and annual budget. Public procurement shall be carried out in a transparent, accountable, effective, competitive and efficient manners with high level of integrity. Procurement and contracting operations using single-source or direct contracting method (an alternative to competitive options) creates a lot of controversies. The aim of this study is to explore the issues and practices of single source procurement and contracting methods, their justifications and impact on the project performance and sustainability. Adopting the mixed approach of qualitative and content analysis techniques; case study of conflict effected nations is conducted. For this purpose, a systematic literature review (SLR) of 15 conflict affected nations in Asia is carried out and case study of Timor-Leste located in East-Asia and Nepal located in South-Asia is conducted on the basis of research purposive approach. Similarly, a group discussion, preliminary interviews and in-depth interviews are also conducted involving project stake holders and then simple triangulation approach is applied for verification and validation purpose. Findings from in-depth interviews of 30 experienced participants, 5 group discussions and 10 preliminary interviews are included in this research paper. The participants have identified 15 key factors those are responsible for single-source contracting decisions like poor institutional capacity, political interference, corruption motives, weak private sector competition, decision delays, collusions among bidders, emergency situations and others. Identified consequences of direct contracting methods are delivery of goods and services in poor quality, cost overrun, promote corruption, social conflict, injustice, political instability including overall projects performance. It is expected that the findings of this research will contribute to a better understanding towards proper application of the available competitive methods of public procurement and contracting operations rather than selecting the non-competitive choices.

Exploring Innovative Strategies For Patient-Centered Care In The Nursing Profession

2024-05-20T09:12:59+00:00

This article explores the integration of technology, interdisciplinary collaboration, evidence-based practice, and improved resources and training in the nursing profession as innovative strategies for advancing patient-centered care. The integration of technology has revolutionized healthcare delivery, enabling improved access, communication, and empowerment for patients. Electronic health records (EHRs), telehealth platforms, and mobile health applications facilitate personalized care planning, remote patient monitoring, and patient education. Evidence-based practice is a cornerstone of patient-centered care, promoting the use of the best available evidence in clinical decision-making. By integrating research findings and evidence-based guidelines into practice, nurses can deliver high-quality care that is tailored to individual patient needs. Evidence-based practice enhances patient safety, improves outcomes, and increases patient satisfaction. Improved resources and training are essential for supporting patient-centered care. Adequate staffing levels, patient-centered infrastructure, and ongoing professional development opportunities enable nurses to deliver care that is responsive to individual patient needs. By investing in training and resources, healthcare organizations create an environment that fosters patient-centered communication, engagement, and satisfaction. Patient-centered care not only improves health outcomes but also enhances patient experiences, empowers individuals to actively participate in their own care, and ultimately leads to a healthcare system that revolves around the needs and well-being of the patients it serves.

Impact Of Climate Change In Agricultural Production: A Case Of Koshi River Basin, Nepal

2024-05-21T08:15:34+00:00

The climatic factor has played dominant role on affecting agricultural production in the region. This study focused on analyzing the impact of Climate change in agricultural production in two districts of Nepal. Sunsari district had experienced the highest annual temperature increased (0.0038°C/yr) during 1990 and 2022, whereas the Saptari district had faced sharp decline in rainfall (11.442 mm/yr). Climate change resulted into climate induced disasters such as recurring drought, catastrophic flooding, mass wasting and emergence of pests. The climate data during 1990 and 2022, was used to find climate trend analysis. The inter-annual climatic patterns across time were examined using the trend analysis test and trend line slope. The HH survey concluded with increased in temperature and crop diseases emergence along with increase in the frequency of pests, drought and floods, and decreased in rainfall as perceived by majority of respondents. These parameters were expected to cause negative effect on crop output, human health, animals and vegetation. An increasing tendency in temperature and declining trend in precipitation were the two main climatic trends that were observed in the study area. Climate trends in Barahakshetra of Sunsari district of the KRB showed an increasing rate of precipitation of 7.8021 mm/year. The linear trend analysis of pre-monsoon time showed the precipitation was increasing at the rate of 3.4424 mm/year. The trend of post-monsoon rainfall increased significantly at the rate of 1.7956 mm/year. The Climatic trends as indicated by Barmajhiya Station in the Saptari district of the KRB showed decreasing rate of annual precipitation with 11.442 mm/year. In Saptari district, the annual production of paddy has been observed in decreasing trend of 1092.9 Mt. per year, with the increasing trend of cultivation area with 673.55 ha per year. The decreasing trend of cultivation area was observed with 17.918 ha per year. The HHs survey ascertained that, the majority of respondents perceived the increased temperature and drought with heavy rainfall and flood in the locality. The springs and ponds were at stake resulting into water scarcity with low discharge in rivers.

"Confusion Of Life" In Few Late Poems Of Sylvia Plath

2024-05-21T08:26:25+00:00

This article has endeoureved to show the confusion of life in the few poems of Sylvia Plath. Her late poems have shown the pessimistic life and the hopeless situation. Sylvia Plath as the notable author of America has presented the woman confusion in society with restriction of father and husband. Her keen interest in art has built her the immense figure of American literature. She is well known figure of American literature after World War Second. Her historical background shows the bafflement of life. Her family movement to another place of America after the death of her father shows the economic crisis of life. Her scholarship has helped her to join in Smith College. She had finished her B.A when she married to Ted Hughes. Her deep love to Ted Hughes brings the confusion in life that has invited death with suicide. Anyway, this article clearly depicts the life and barriers of human destiny. The faithless husband makes her life unhappy and sad. This article has maintained the pain and suffering of Plath. The Post War Period in which people loss hope and aspiration to live the life is shown in this research paper. Her later poems show the total meaningless life and her desire to do suicide. Sylvia Plath has been suffered by male society in which she is tortured by father and husband. The restriction by father and husband is shown in her poem Daddy. She has demonstrated the extreme hard life in her late poems Lady Lazarus and Daddy. She was really pessimistic figure in America and she became more famous after her death. Daddy and Lady Lazarus were published after her death. These poems are composed after the separation with her husband.

Nurturing Future of Nepal : The Impactful Role of CTVET In Technical and Vocational Education

2024-05-21T08:31:23+00:00

The Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT) stands as an apex body in Nepali technical educational landscape, dedicated to cultivating practical skills and expertise. This article explores CTEVT historical evolution, founding principles, and its multifaceted role in enhancing technical and vocational education. The main objectives encompassing curriculum development, program accreditation, skills assessment, and industry linkage, showcasing how these functions sustain the quality and relevance of its programs. CTEVT offers a diverse range of technical and vocational programs spanning fields such as engineering, health, agriculture, hospitality and hotel management. These programs equip students with practical skills aligned with job market demands, preparing them for meaningful contributions to the workforce. A fundamental focus is its collaborative engagement with industries and employers through industry advisory boards, curriculum updates, internships, and industry visits. CTEVT ensures that its programs remain attuned to current trends, market demands and enhancing graduates' employability. The article underscores its vital initiatives in rural and underserved areas. These efforts empower marginalized groups through accessible education and income-generating skills, catalyzing economic growth and sustainable development within communities. CTEVT emerges as a hub in workforce development, economic growth and skill enhancement. Its proactive approach to curriculum innovation, industry integration and equitable education highlights its commitment to nurturing a capable and empowered workforce thereby contributing to societal advancement.

Issues of Teaching English In The Classroom of Heterogeneous Students : A Case Study

2024-05-21T08:36:55+00:00

Issues of teaching English in the classroom of heterogeneous students is a case study. The main purpose of this study is to find the perception of students and teachers towards the heterogeneous class and to publish the data obtained through this research. The narrative research methodology supported with discourse analysis is used as the research methods of this study. Both primary and secondary data are used for this study Interview with individuals, focus group discussion and some classroom observation are used as the data collection tools. 15 teachers and 15 students are the participants of this study. Being Narrative Research, the collected data is analysed descriptively. The conclusion reveals that all the classes are heterogeneous and the teachers have to manage everything tactfully to address the needs of the students and manage the classroom.

Challenges And Prospects Of Utilising Natural Resources Of Nepal For Sustainable Development Which Is Vacuum Or Zero

2024-05-21T08:42:54+00:00

This research article examines a sociological study of utilising natural resources of Nepal for sustainable development which is changeable every moment every second. This is role of sociology. Sociology is one of the vacuumed space or zero... Sociology component of social phenomena. Wideranch. Sociology start and development male, female from the Social activities. Sociology start from zero level and end of zero. That is the social process. Sociology is for example like a cloth rack. Kiwi fruit farming protection of natural resources which is contributing in national economy and Agro-forestry one of the Natural resources. Which is environment protection, soil erosion control, land slide control, economic support and sustainable land management. The research area is mostly use to slop and barer land in the mid-hill areas of Nepal. In This area is suitable for growing high-value kiwi fruit. That enhances biodiversity and uplifts communities by serving as a valuable source of income through agroforestry practices.

Factors Influencing Reinsurance Costs of Nepalese General Insurers

2024-05-21T08:56:46+00:00

Although reinsurance is a ubiquitous practice in the insurance industry, it is not devoid of associated costs. In order to obtain the pledge of reinsurers, who are essential in sharing any risks/Losses, insurers are required to pay specific costs. The primary objective of this article is to examine firm-level variables that might have an influence on an insurance company's reinsurance costs. A study of the relationship between reinsurance costs and several financial and technical ratios, which are regarded as effective monitoring tools for insurers, has been accomplished in order achieve the aforementioned objective. Using panel data analysis, the relationship between reinsurance costs and both financial and technical indicators has been carefully examined. The information, which includes variables from 14 General insurance firms between the years 2010 and 2022, was obtained from the authorized portal of the Nepal Insurance Authority (NIA). One model focused on financial ratios, while the other went in-depth with technical ratios. Additionally, the analyses were revised to consider the 2015 Major earthquake and recent COVID-19 timeframe, revealing possible effects at these particular times.

The findings of the study revealed an interesting observation regarding the impact of various financial and technical ratios on reinsurance costs. Financial ratios, such as return on assets and debt ratio, as well as the technical ratio, retention ratio, had a significant negative impact on reinsurance expenses. In other words, as profits, debt levels, and retention ratios rise, insurance companies become less willing to bear insurance costs and prefer to bear a greater portion of the risks. Even after accounting for the disruptive periods of the2015 Major earthquake and recent COVID-19 pandemic, these variables maintained their negative influence on reinsurance costs. In addition, the Net Combined Ratio emerged as an additional significant determinant of reinsurance costs when the data from the COVID-19 were excluded. This suggests that the Net Combined Ratio continues to have a significant impact on reinsurance costs even in the absence of this crisis period. Reinsurance is required as long as there is an insurance industry, which makes its existence essential. To prevent potential severe damages brought on by occurrences like fire, flood, or earthquake, these two sectors must work closely together. However, as with any transaction in this economic system, there are expenses involved in the process of reinsuring an insurance contract. According to research, several variables, particularly the return on assets, debt ratio, and retention ratio, are important in determining how much reinsurance will cost.

Dharma In Vedanta And The Dhammapada

2024-05-21T09:13:00+00:00

This paper explores the parallel yet distinct journeys undertaken by Vedanta and the Dhammapada, two profound spiritual traditions rooted in the ancient wisdom of the Bhagavadgita. While their footsteps echo with similarities, a nuanced examination reveals a seemingly divergent trajectory that ultimately converges to crystallize a shared understanding of genuine truth. The Dhammapada, through its profound teachings, enriches the facets of truth, weaving a narrative that complements and strengthens the spiritual evolution outlined in Vedanta. The echoes of Vedantic principles resonate within the spiritual discourse of the Dhammapada, particularly emphasizing the non-dissipation of spiritual essence as expounded in the Bhagavadgita. Central to both traditions is the exploration of cosmopolitanism and the cultivation of nobility in action, untethered by attachments and desires. This exploration transcends the mundane, transforming the seeker from an earthly and material existence into a cosmic being. The thesis contends that, far from leading the seeker astray, this pathfinding virtue liberates one from the shackles of earthly tribulations, allowing the emergence of a broader perspective. The paper theorizes that the mesmerizing words from the Dhammapada and the Bhagavadgita jointly pave a transcendent path, enchanting humanity throughout time. This path, marked by the integration of diverse philosophical tenets, embodies an enduring quest for truth and unity, resonating as a timeless guide for navigating the complexities of human existence.

Stock Price Determinants Of Listed Banks And Financial Institutions In Nepal

2024-05-21T09:21:45+00:00

Nepal Stock Exchange has strived to deliver an effective regulatory system and information transparency to acquire the confidence of the investors and convey the sufficient basis to analyze the data without anomalies. However, the investors in the stock market are still very few who are about negligible percent of total population in the nation. Government, banks, and financial institutions are not being able to play the prompt and desired role to create a stable share market with the expected outcome of the investors. Despite this, the investors have lack of knowledge both fundamental and technical regarding the capital market that causes them not to cut a good figure from the share market. The fundamental determinants and their types that affect the stock price are still matters of general thoughts in the existing stock market in Nepal. The several answers to the general thoughts become reliable references to the potential investors to make rational investment decisions. These all empower Nepal Stock Exchange authority and the administration of listed banks and financial institutions to skip any unexpected catastrophe, empower and control market strategies, strengthen the stock market industry. This research collected primary data using structured questionnaire from 111 respondents belonging to the market including investors, bankers, and experts of listed banks and financial institutions. It has used the analytical and descriptive research methodology to meet its prime objectives that were to identify determinants with their rank, of stock prices of listed banks and financial institutions listed in the Nepal Stock Exchange and deliver the ideas to the investors to consider the determinants for investment decision. It has observed the determinants of stock price of the banks and financial institutions as qualitative determinants and quantitative determinants. It has taken altogether 10 qualitative and 13 quantitative determinants including both specific and macroeconomic. In the research stock price and the determinants remained as dependent independent variables respectively. The result concluded that the goodwill, optimistic report of analysts, and positive views respectively are the major qualitative determinants with their ranks. Likewise, Dividend rate, earnings per share, and cash flow from operation respectively are the fundamental specific determinants with their rank. And the gross domestic product, interest rate, and inflation respectively with their rank are the major macroeconomic determinants. The recognition of the determinants and lack of analyzing experiences for investment decision on share have the great meaning for ensuring investors' investment to generate desirable profit and keep their existence in the stock market in Nepal.

The Nexus of Remittances, Imports, and Private Investments with Nepal's Economic Expansion

2024-05-21T09:31:01+00:00

This study examines the nexus of remittances, imports, and private investments with Nepal’s economic expansion. The study uses annual data from mid-July 1976 to mid-July 2022. Gross domestic product (GDP) at a constant price is considered an indicator of economic expansion. The data is processed for the long-run connection adopting the bound testing technique of autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), and the short-run trends are confirmed by deploying an error correction model (ECM) generated from the ARDL model. The Granger causality test determines the cause-and-effect connection. The evidence-based findings from ARDL establish that the link between Nepal's GDP and remittances is positive and insignificant in the short and long spans of time, while it is significant as well as positive with imports. It is, however, negative and insignificant with private investment. Similarly, unidirectional causation connecting GDP and remittances, imports and GDP, and remittances and private investments is demonstrated by the Granger causality evaluation.

Hospital Equipment Maintenance Management for Reliable and Effective Health Care Services in Nepal

2024-05-21T09:41:49+00:00

The management of biomedical engineering instruments accuracy in Nepali hospitals has been a pressing issue, largely attributed to the lack of qualified biomedical engineering operations management teams. This challenge becomes even more complex due to the vast array of biomedical equipment imported from abroad, many of which are not only diverse but also relatively expensive. The primary concern in Nepal is to establish an efficient and competent biomedical equipment accuracy management system that can optimize the precision, longevity, and reliability of these crucial medical devices. The absence of well-organized biomedical engineering operations management teams has far-reaching consequences, as it hinders the healthcare sector's ability to deliver superior and consistent services to patients, ultimately affecting diagnostic accuracy.

To overcome this challenge, it is imperative to develop a well-managed and qualified biomedical engineering operations management workforce in hospitals and healthcare centers. This entails the acquisition of modern skills to effectively oversee, test, calibrate, and validate medical devices, thereby extending the lifespan of these instruments and ensuring consistent and accurate diagnostics for reliable healthcare services. The integration of such skills is essential for elevating the standards of healthcare in Nepal and enhancing the well-being of its population.

अछाम जिल्लामा सामाजिक तथा सांस्कृतिक विभेदका क्षेत्र र कारण

2024-05-22T04:00:20+00:00

प्रस्तुत लेखमा सामाजिक तथा सांस्कृतिक मूल्य मान्यताले समाजमा सिर्जना गरेको विभेदसँग जोडिएका विविध पक्षको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । नेपालका प्रत्येक क्षेत्रीय तथा जातीय समुदायभित्र कुनै न कुनै प्रकारको विभेद पाइन्छ । आछाम जिल्ला पनि यसबाट अछुत छैन । अछाम सामाजिक सांस्कृतिक रूपमा महत्वपूर्ण क्षेत्र हो । यस क्षेत्रमा प्राचीन समयदेखि नै विशेषतः हिन्दू धर्म तथा दर्शनद्वारा निर्देशित विशेषतायुक्त समाज र संस्कृति पाइन्थ्यो । यो सांस्कृतिक परम्परा पछिल्लाकाल हुँदै आजसम्म पनि अस्तित्वमा छ । त्यसबेला स्थापना भएका कतिपय मूल्य–मान्यता, रीति–थिति, चाल–चलन, बानी–व्यवहार हिजोआज पनि अभ्यासमा छन् । सामाजिक एवम् सांस्कृतिक मूल्य, मान्यताका कारण सिर्जना भएका धेरै विभेदका घट्ना र उदाहरणहरू यस जिल्लामा पाइन्छन् । सामाजिक वञ्चितीकरण, बहिष्करण र विभेदीकरणले गर्दा अछाम जिल्लाको सामाजिक संरचनामा विभिन्न प्रकारको असर परेको छ । अतः सामाजिक विभेदका कारण के के हुन् ? क्षेत्र के के हो ? विभेदले के कस्तो परिणाम ल्याएको छ ? भन्ने विविध पक्षको विश्लेषण गर्ने उद्देश्यले अछाम जिल्लामा पाइने सामाजिक तथा सांस्कृतिक विभेदका क्षेत्र र कारण शीर्षकको यो लेख तयार पारिएको हो । प्रस्तुत लेखमा विश्लेषणात्मक तथा विवरणात्मक ढाँचाको प्रयोग भएको छ । यो शोधलेख गुणात्मक अध्ययन हो । यस लेखमा मूलतः प्राथमिक तथ्याङ्क एवम् द्वितीयक सूचनाहरू आवश्यकताअनुसार प्रयोग गरिएको छ । प्राथमिक तथ्याङ्क स्थलगत अध्ययनगरी अन्तर्वार्ता विधि र द्वितीयक सूचनाहरू पूर्वकार्य समीक्षाबाट सङ्कलन गरिएका हुन् ।