Interdependence of Tibetan Buddhist Tourism and Sustainable Development in Nepal

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between Tibetan Buddhist tourism and sustainable development in major Nepali pilgrimage sites (Lumbini, Boudha and Svayambhū). Using a mixed-methods approach with 140 participants including monks, local businesses, pilgrims, Tibetan refugees and community members, the study analyzes quantitative and qualitative data to explore tourism's impact on the economy, culture and religion. The findings show that Buddhist tourism supports local livelihoods, entrepreneurship, and intercultural exchange while promoting cultural heritage. However, challenges such as cultural commodification, environmental degradation, and unequal economic benefits remain. Monastic communities and the Tibetan diaspora play a vital role in preserving traditions and managing religious practices. The study highlights the need for balanced governance, community-based programs, and sustainable tourism policies to ensure both cultural preservation and economic development.