Criminalization of Psychological Violence in Nepal

Abstract

Since the beginning of human civilization, violence has been a pervasive phenomenon. Though traditionally aligning referred only to physical have, domestic violence encompasses psychological, emotional and economic abuse, often leaving the victims with invisible scars for life. Psychological violence, particularly in domestic contexts, undermines self-confidence, autonomy, and mental well-being, creating prolonged fear, dependency, and trauma. This study explores the complex nature of psychological violence, its criminalization under legal systems of various countries including Nepal and international human rights frameworks, and the practical challenges that come forth during the enforcement of these provisions. It highlights the ways in which states have sought to address psychological abuse, both through statutory provisions and judicial interpretations, while also analyzing the gaps and challenges in the practical enforcement of these laws. Furthermore, the study aims to provide practical and legal solutions to address these gaps, recommending reforms in statutory provisions, judicial practice, and institutional response.