THE ACADEMIA is a multidisciplinary journal of the National University Teachers’ Association of Nepal, Central Committee.
National University Teachers’ Association of Nepal
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Baldwin’s “Sonny’s Blues”: An Historical Story of Double-Consciousness and Its Relevance in Today’s America
This article explores James Baldwin’s short story “Sonny’s Blues” is one of the best examples of how African-Americans are sandwiched between two warring ideas— double-consciousness. This essay examines the story through Du Bois’ theoretical framework of double-consciousness. His theory is an idea of being one person with two identities owing to the clash between oppressive and dominated societies. The ideology of double-consciousness is reinforced in the story through the thoughts and action of two brothers: Sony and his unnamed brother (narrator). These two brothers view the world differently and adopt different approaches to life. Sony intends to essentialize their ancestral norms through music, whereas his brother wishes to secure a better life by assimilating into the world dominated by whites. The story is often analyzed under the lens of racial tensions, brotherly ego, classism, slavery, family reunion, and many more themes. After analyzing “Sonny’s Blues” as the primary text and drawing on other scholarly articles, the article has discovered that different vocations can serve for people with double identities as an outlet for expressing their traumatic experiences and other elements such as mutual respect, inclusiveness, and empathy can foster a better society to live in.
Copyright (c) 2025 National University Teachers' Association of Nepal, Central Committee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Impact of Federalism on Women’s Empowerment in Nepal: Case of Chandragiri Municipality
Women's empowerment in Nepal has been a soaring issue since the promulgation of the Federal Republic Constitution in 2015. The foundation of women's empowerment ensures women's economic participation, educational attainment, and political representation. The challenges include disparities in access to resources and services, cultural norms that shape gender roles, and the effectiveness of local initiatives promoting gender equality. Understanding these factors is essential for fostering inclusive development and empowering women within the community. This study aimed to evaluate the state of women's empowerment after the introduction of federalism and analyze the impact of local government actions on women's empowerment in the area. The research used a descriptive design, focusing on Kathmandu's Chandragiri Municipality, Ward 12. A random sample of 121 households from the municipality provided data on women's empowerment. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistical tools such as frequency tables, percentages, and t-tests. The findings indicated that the local government positively affected various aspects of women's empowerment, including property ownership rights, decision-making in family budgets, investment and expenditure, recreational choices, and responsibilities related to child health and education. The study concluded that public policies promoting the participation of women have significantly influenced socio-economic aspects both within families and the broader society. It is recommended to support efforts aimed at developing policies and programs that promote women's empowerment and to assist local governments, policymakers, and agencies in implementing these initiatives in Chandragiri Municipality.
Role of Management Accounting Practices in Enhancing Bank Performance
This study explores the impact of Management Accounting Practices (MAPs) on organizational performance in Nepalese commercial banks, focusing on budgeting, decision-making, costing, performance evaluation, benchmarking, and Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC). A quantitative research design was employed, with data collected through structured questionnaires distributed to branch managers and customers. Out of 560 distributed questionnaires, 345 responses were analyzed for both managers and customers. The findings reveal a strong positive association between MAPs and organizational performance. Budgeting was identified as a key driver for operational planning and responsibility assignment, while decision-making practices contributed to strategic alignment. Advanced costing methods, including activity-based and Kaizen costing, were noted for improving cost efficiency. Benchmarking and TDABC emerged as significant predictors of innovation, resource optimization, and enhanced customer satisfaction. Despite its robust methodology, the study's findings are constrained by reliance on self-reported data and a focus on the banking sector, limiting generalizability. This study highlights the critical role of MAPs in strategic and operational frameworks, advocating for their adoption to achieve sustainable performance and financial outcomes in the banking sector.
Practices and Key Aspects of Intergovernmental Relations in Nepal: Major Challenges and Way Forward in Advancing Federalism
After the promulgation of the constitution through the Constituent Assembly in 2015, Nepal became a federal state by establishing seven provinces. Following the resolution of a decade-long conflict and a long political movement for complete democracy, Nepal implemented the three levels of government system as part of its federal model. The fundamental characteristics of federalism and intergovernmental interactions are outlined in Nepal's constitution. However, there are some gaps in the constitution that need to be addressed for its broader acceptability and make it functional. The major constitutional principle governing intergovernmental relations (IGR) is coordination, cooperation and coexistence. However, the schedule list in the constitution includes an overlapping model for IGR, resulting in some powers and rights that overlap with provincial jurisdiction and concurrent powers. As a political system, federalism is hierarchical in terms of power and models with different IGR policies offered by various federal models that are specific to each country. The unique socioeconomic conditions and cultures of Nepal have implications for IGR, as do variables and governance practices. Both vertical and horizontal relations among governments are equally important factors to consider in the functioning of federalism.
The Role of Chinese Tourists in Enhancing Pokhara's Economy and Quality of Life
This study explores the impact of Chinese tourists on Pokhara’s local economy and the Quality of Life (QoL) . Through a survey of 400 Chinese visitors, the study assesses their satisfaction levels across various domains (e.g., leisure, cultural experiences, accommodation) and explores the economic contributions of their tourism spending. Findings indicate significant contributions to the local economy, particularly in terms of revenue generation and job creation, alongside a strong positive correlation between tourist satisfaction and perceived QoL. Further through in-depth interviews of 50 tourism operators, this paper also highlights the social and cultural effects of increasing Chinese tourism, with recommendations for promoting sustainable tourism practices to maximize benefits for both tourists and the local community. The findings suggest that Chinese tourism has the potential to contribute significantly to Pokhara’s economic and social development, but this growth must be managed responsibly to avoid over-tourism and preserve local culture.
The Land and Tree Recognize the Musahar: Alternative Perspective of Nature-human Understanding among the Musahars
Natural cosmology is the largest entity in which all nature including human beings and their recycle-continuity encompassed as Hindu-Buddhist idea of the immortal soul. The soul can enter in any form of the body (tree, animal, human, bird, fish, insect, and anything) and it can interchangeably communicate with any living thing. The activities of human beings are observed, evaluated, and controlled by non-humans and vice-versa. The binary categories of nature-culture, human-non-human, civilized-savage, and lived-dead are rejected in the understanding of the natural cosmology of the Musahars. In this article, I tried to explore intersubjective relations between natural phenomena and the cultural practices of the Musahar people. I employed participatory observation and key informant interview methods including long-term ethnographic fieldwork among the Musahars people in Siraha district, Nepal. The Musahars communicate with trees, stones, lands, water, animals, and birds around the settlement. They claimed that natural phenomena understood their language, emotions, crisis, and happiness. They considered themselves as a part of a larger natural cosmology. This paper explored how the Musahars transformed themselves into wild animal, tree, birds, fish, super human (like god) and again bounced back to human. The article explores alternative epistemology to understand nature’s understanding of human behaviors. All non-human spirits could look the human and their activities through the lens of natural spirit. The concept and transformation of the Musahar people and natural phenomena or their inter-subjectivity are called Musahar’s perspectivism in this article.
Colonial Echoes in Gothic Shadows: Examining James's The Turn of the Screw
Gothic literature aims not just to carry readers to the world of fear, suspense, and ghosts, but also secretly reveals the social and historical realities through the frightening, eerie and unsettling narrative. Focusing on Henry James’ The Turn of the Screw, this paper aims to examine how the story carries the colonial dynamics and historical social hierarchy with in the environment of unsettling and eerie. This paper primarily seeks to answer how gothic literature works as a vehicle for the society to convey its cultural and historical facts and records through the extraterritorial characters and unsettling plot. To study this, the research applies the postcolonial framework of Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak, Homi K Bhabha to discuss the colonial issues of authority, subaltern speech, and mimicry. Further, the references of London, India and Bly are closely examined and metaphorically interpreted to reveal their connection to imperial and colonial dynamics, while also examining how the prevailing Victoria Wclass hierarchy depicted in the story contribute to and highlight the colonial structures within the narrative. The findings reveal that The Turn of the Screw as a gothic literature not only creates an environment of unsettling and eerie narrative but also subtly critiques the social constructs and colonial dynamics of its time.
Socio-cultural Factors and Perception of Women Towards Menstruation Restrictions in Siddarthanagar Municipality, Rupandehi
Menstruation is purely a biological process- normal vaginal bleeding. However, it is perceived social taboos that restrict the women in various ways in their private and public life. The restrictive practices prevalent in Hindu culture consider the women as impure and unclean in the periods. This research article intends to explore the social and cultural factors that push the women to the position of pollution. In addition, this article also explores the perceptions and experiences of menstruating women. The semi-structured interview schedule has been applied for collecting information from Dogara and Ghanda Tole, Bhairahwa, Rupandehi that comprises both Madhesi and hilly of women aged between 12 to 24, representatively selected using purposive sampling. This research argues that menstruation restrictions, especially from entering into kitchen, worshiping the temples and many more are not followed out of the will of the women. However, Patriarchal mindset of society and family, traditional stereotypes, religious dogma etc are imposed upon women aiming to compel them to follow the discriminatory practices which come out of the sense of fearfulness and shamefulness. The finding of this research is significant for the field of social Science such that it provides an approach to comprehend the social and cultural dimensions of the taboos in the form of menstruation restrictions.
In this paper, a new integral transform was applied to solve linear ordinary differential equations with constant co-efficient. Overall, it is a fundamental tool in engineering and applied mathematics, providing a systematic way to analyze and solve dynamic systems and differential equations in a wide range of applications. Integral transforms are an effective tool for evaluating functions, resolving differential equations, and resolving issues in a variety of scientific and technical fields. Integral transform enables us to operate in other domains (such as time, frequency), where the problem's physical interpretation may be clearer or the mathematical procedures may be simpler. It is a powerful mathematical instrument that solves ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and analyzes linear time-invariant systems, among other things. It is used to investigate several problems in engineering, physics, and applied mathematics. Both ordinary differential equations and a system of linear differential equations with constant coefficients have been solved using this novel transform. Solving linear ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients is the primary use of this method. By taking the Laplace transform of both sides of an ODE, one can convert the differential equation into an algebraic equation, which is often easier to solve.
Analyzing the Elements of Effective Professional Development in Teacher Education
The purpose of this study is to identify the components of effective professional development in teacher education. Information is analyzed in a descriptive way in this study. A systematic review of papers published in the teaching, teacher professional and teacher education journal identifies key components that contribute to successful teacher education. Teacher education is important dimension for promoting effective professional growth. Effective professional development is identified as crucial for educators to develop the necessary pedagogical skills for teaching field. The elements of teacher education include collaboration, learning experiences, cooperation, deliberation, active learning, modeling; coaching, mentorship and support mechanisms, feedback and reflection, continuous involvement, and a focus on student outcomes are found. These factors enhance instructional effectiveness and ultimately resulting in continued improvements in the quality of teaching. Effective professional development should be regular, context-sensitive, and focus toward improving teaching techniques. Similarly, integrating the use of technology and new teaching practices is very important in contemporary teacher education. Teacher education programs are evaluated and adapted on a continuous basis to meet the changing demands of teachers. The findings indicate that recent trends in professional development for teachers emphasize enhancing teaching skills, classroom management, and subject matter knowledge. The approach to teacher education should be collaborative and collegial learning environment. The future researchers should do research on culturally responsive teaching in teacher education and the effect of understood bias training on teacher attitudes and practices.
Rudyard Kipling's Kim as a Narrative of Empire
The paper seeks to examine Rudyard Kipling’s novel Kim in relation to British Empire in India. One way and another, all narrative elements revolve around and comply with the British rule in India. The paper employs textual narrative analysis to excavate how Kipling weaves the novel round the British empire in India. The adventure of the title character is central to the plot. He undertakes the adventure to search for a Red Bull on a green field, which is a regimental flag of the regiment to which Kim’s father once belonged. Kipling creates and projects Kim in such a way that he is not only entrapped but also works for colonial cause. During his adventurous quest, he instrumentalizes Teshoo Lama as a shield of innocence for his colonial expedition. In the meantime, Kim keeps on working for Colonel Creighton, who is the head of British intelligence agency. The Great Game gets dominant implication in the novel.
Forgetting the Other: Forget Kathmandu in the Light of Cultural Trauma
This paper analyzes the non-fiction work Forget Kathmandu: An Elegy for Democracy (2005) by Manjushree Thapa from the perspective of Cultural Trauma. It argues that the narrator of the book does not speak for the victims of the conflict, and therefore, the book should not be considered trauma-healing literature. The paper begins with an introduction to Cultural Trauma as a theory, presenting definitions from various theorists. It then contextualizes the theory, as it serves as the theoretical tool for the critical analysis of the text. Following the introduction, the paper provides a critical analysis of Thapa’s non-fiction work. This analysis focuses on the argument that the text neglects to address the suffering of the victims during the conflict. Therefore, the central concern of this paper is the representation of Nepal's violent past in the text under study. Specifically, the paper examines the representation of the People's War led by the CPN-Maoist and the counter-insurgency measures employed by the government, which was under a constitutional monarchy at the time. The paper concludes with the view that literary works written about conflict should assist in the healing process for the victims, helping them recover from the collective trauma they suffered as members of a community, group, party, or institution.
Expanding Horizon of English Language as a Lingua Franca
This article explores the growing influence of the English language in this world and how it has connected people of different linguistic backgrounds playing a significant role as a lingua franca. This study aims to show how the influence of English has increased as it has enabled global communication. It is expanding, reaching many people working as their medium of communication. It has also facilitated worldwide communication and cooperation, serving as a bridge language for communication. English as a communication medium in many international forums, business, academia, science, and technology has strengthened its use and continued its global status. Its dominance in digital content and programming language is likely to make it highly relevant in the future. With its extensive use, its hybrid and simplified version can be developed. It is also taught internationally and its promotion is also increasing even more with modern phenomena like migration, climate change, pandemics, international conflicts, and global challenges. It also has a chance to become a unanimous world language which can connect all the people of the universe including the threat of losing its present status of lingua franca. The article applies an explorative design to unveil how English from a small domain reached a larger arena.
Impact Analysis of Caste Dynamics in Education in Nepal
This paper examines caste dynamics that affect the status of education in Nepal. How people get vulnerable to the implications of the caste hierarchy that directly controls their lives in society is the primary question to be dealt with in this article. The objective of the paper is to explore the effects of caste hierarchy in Hindu social system wherein an individual’s caste determines her or his education attainment. Generally, children from the so-called upper caste families have better education than those of the so-called lower caste families because of the social, economic and cultural privilege given to the people of the so-called upper castes including Brahmin, Chhetris, and Baishya. In contrast, the children from the Dalit families are usually deprived of societal opportunities including education and cultural priority. The finding of the research demonstrates that people from the Dalits (so-called lower families) have been marginalized, underprivileged and sidelined in almost all arenas of lives and therefore, their societal status has been lower and their lifestyles have been poorer than those of the so-called upper caste groups which are valued and prioritized in almost all affairs of Nepalese society. The dichotomy between the so-called upper caste and the so-called lower caste groups has created a rift and still retains in the overall society. Consequently, both of these communities segregate each other in terms of cultural practices and social activities. The reflection of the caste hierarchy can also be perceived in the political domain as well. By using the qualitative research design, the paper has been prepared for justifying the assumption that caste dynamics affect the education standing of people in Nepal.
The Impact of Political Instability on Democratic Development in Nepal (2022–2024)
This paper analyzes the reasons that led to a change of government in Nepal every few months between 2022 and 2024. This illustrates that the instability boils down to interconnected external and internal factors. This identifies internal factors such as party fragmentation, weak coalition governments, intra-party disputes, constitutional ambiguities, and socioeconomic grievances on corrupt regimes. The geopolitical pressure from India and China is undoubtedly among the external factors, but the growing pressures of our international donors and financial institutions are not distant abandonments. This issue is within the above theme through a qualitative case study of all three coalition governments that collapsed during this period. This data was extracted by closely reading government documents, political party manifestos, and media and academic literature. These results highlight the governance challenges in a politically fragmented environment characterized by weak institutions and international coercive pressures. The research concluded that such instability can only be counteracted by wide-ranging political reforms aimed at constructing democratic institutions, enhancing transparency and accountability, and mitigating intolerance developments through reducing socio-economic grievances.
Struggle for Subsistence in Laxmi Prasad Devkota's Muna Madan
This article explores social realism as depicted in Laxmi Prasad Devkota's Muna Madan. It aims to highlight the fundamentals of social reality of the time when Devkota composed this poem as revealed by the text's content. The article addresses the research problems concerning to the historic origin of the poem, social and economic reality of the time as depicted in the poem, the portrayal of the question of materialism and spiritualism, the question of gender role and caste system of Nepali society. Muna Madan is Devkota's most popular shorter narrative poem and the article seeks the reason behind its popularity among Nepali readers. The article adopts the theoretical framework of historical materialism. The historical materialistic analysis of the poem mirrors the true social and economic reality of the time when Devkota composed it. The application of this theoretical framework to the poem reveals its historical and social background. The findings of this article shows that Devkota borrows the framework of the poem from the folk tradition of Newari community of Kathmandu valley, the text depicts the true social and economic reality of the time, portrays the conflict between the materialism and spiritualism, emphasizes the traditional gender role and challenges the caste system of Nepali society.
Role of Management Accounting Practices in Determining Customer Satisfaction in Nepalese Commercial Banks
Management accounting techniques that improve customers satisfaction in banks include decision making, costing, performance evaluation, time driven activity-based costing and budgeting. The study focuses on present practices of management accounting for customer satisfaction in Nepalese commercial bank. Management accounting practices (MAPs) play important role in customer satisfaction through enhancing Nepalese commercial banks’ decision-making, financial efficiency, and service quality. This study examines how MAPs and customer satisfaction are related, with a particular emphasis on decision-support systems, cost control, performance evaluation, benchmarking, TDABC and budgeting in commercial banks. The study used a survey method to conduct a quantitative investigation and a descriptive research design to examine the management accounting practices and customer satisfaction of Nepalese commercial banks. Based on judgmental sampling 300 branch managers out of 591 branch managers and 350 customers provided questionnaire for this study. Using cluster sampling, the five banks are chosen based on their largest paid-up capital. In order to fulfill the research objectives, primary data are collected using online questionnaires as well as printed questionnaires. On the basis of responses given by 285 branch managers out of which 300 usable data and 285 responses received from customers out of which 350 are usable data, data are analyzed using various statistical tools. The analysis showed that commercial banks are practicing management accounting for customer satisfaction. The result of the study indicated that there is positive association between management accounting practices and customer satisfaction in Nepalese Commercial Banks. The study concludes that Nepalese commercial banks should adopt robust management accounting practices to enhance their customer satisfaction.
प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानमूलक लेख आहुतिको ‘नयाँ घर’ उपन्यासमा अभिव्यक्त वर्गीय चेतनाका विभिन्न स्वरूपको विश्लेषणमा केन्द्रित रहेको छ । यस उपन्यासमा पञ्चायतकालीन नेपाली समाजको वर्गीय स्वरूपको विश्लेषण गर्दै त्यस समयमा सामन्ती र पुँजीवादी उत्पादनव्यवस्था विरुद्ध निम्नवर्गीय किसान र मजदुरको सङ्घर्षको आवश्यकता रहेको र त्यसका लागि निम्नवर्गीय एकता तयार भइरहेको अवस्था र त्यसको अपरिहार्यलाई देखाउनु यस लेखको उद्देश्य हो । यो अनुसन्धान गुणात्मक अध्ययनपद्धतिमा आधारित छ । यसका लागि पुस्तकालयीय कार्यबाट सामग्रीको सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । यसको सैद्धान्तिक ढाँचाको अध्ययन गर्न माक्र्सवादको ऐतिहासिक भौतिकवाद र द्वन्द्वात्मक भौतिकवादी दर्शनलाई आधार बनाइएको छ । यस क्रममा कृतिमा निहित वर्गीय चेतनाको अध्ययनका लागि सामन्तवाद र पुँजीवादविरुद्ध निम्नवर्गीय चेतना, विस्तारवाद र साम्राज्यवादविरोधी चेतना, विकृत संस्कृतिविरोधी चेतना गरी तीन ओटा पर्याधारको उपयोग गरिएको छ । यस उपन्यासमा निम्नवर्गको मुक्तिका लागि त्यही वर्गले सचेततापूर्वक र सङ्गठित रूपमा गर्ने वर्गसङ्घर्ष अनिवार्य छ भन्ने चिन्तन प्रस्तुत भएको छ । यस उपन्यासमा नेपाली जनतामाथि सामन्ती राजतन्त्रद्वारा गरिएको उत्पीडन, निम्नवर्गीय किसानमाथि सामन्ती साहुद्वारा गरिएको उत्पीडन, कारखानमा काम गर्ने मजदुरमाथि कारखाना मालिकले गरेको उत्पीडन, महिलाहरूमाथि पितृसत्तात्मक सामाजिक व्यवस्थाले गरेको उत्पीडनलाई चित्रित गर्दै उत्पीडितहरूमा जागृत भएको शोषण, दमन र उत्पीडनविरोधी चेतना प्रस्तुत भएको छ ।
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माध्यमिक तहका विद्यार्थीहरुको चिठी लेखन क्षमता
व्यावहारिक लेखन भन्नाले दैनिक जीवनसँग प्रत्यक्ष सरोकार राख्ने विषयहरु हुन् । व्यावहारिक लेखन अन्तर्गत चिठीः व्यक्तिगत, कार्यालयीय, व्यावसायिक, निवेदन, सूचना, विज्ञापन, रसिद, भर्पाइ, मन्जुरीनामा, निर्णयपुस्तिका लेखन, व्यक्तिगत विवरण पर्दछन् । नेपालको शैक्षिक संरचना अनुरुप माध्यमिक तह विद्यालय तह हो । कक्षा ९ देखि कक्षा १२ सम्मको कक्षागत तहलाई माध्यमिक तह भनिन्छ । कक्षा १० उत्तीर्ण भएपछि एस.इ.इ. ( सेकेन्डरी एजुकेसन इग्जामाइनेसन ) को परीक्षा हुने गर्दछ । यस परीक्षामा उत्तीर्ण भएपछि कक्षा ११ मा अध्ययन गर्न पाइन्छ । यस अध्ययनमा कक्षा १० लाई केन्द्रविन्दुमा राख्दै एस.इ.इ.को परीक्षा दिन तयारी अवस्थामा रहेका विद्यार्थीहरुको चिठी लेखन क्षमता के कस्तो छ ? उनीहरुमा देखापरेका चिठी लेखनका मूलभूत समस्याहरु के के छन् ? समस्या समाधान के कसरी गर्न सकिन्छ ? भन्ने जिज्ञासा एवम् अनुसन्धेय प्रश्नमा आधारित भई माध्यमिक तहका विद्यार्थीहरूको चिठी लेखन क्षमताको पहिचान गर्नु, चिठी लेखनमा आइपरेका समस्याहरु उल्लेख गर्नु, समस्या समाधानका उपाय सुझाउनु जस्ता उद्देश्यमा यो अध्ययन केन्द्रित रहेको छ । पुस्तकालयीय र क्षेत्रगत अध्ययन विधि अवलम्बन गरिएको यस अनुसन्धानमा उद्देश्यपरक ढङ्गबाट नमुना छनोट गरी परीक्षणको सामग्री प्रश्नावली रहेको छ । जुम्ला जिल्लाको चन्दननाथ नगरपालिकाका ४ वटा सामुदायिक माध्यमिक विद्यालयका १२० जना विद्यार्थीहरु नमुनाका रुपमा रहेकाछन् । ११० जना विद्यार्थीहरुमा व्यावहारिक लेखन क्षमताको प्रश्नावलीका सहायताबाट परीक्षण गरी व्यावहारिक लेखनको चिठी लेखन ः कार्यालयीय प्रत्येक विद्यार्थीको विश्लेषण गरी क्षमतालाई प्रतिशतमा राखिएकोछ । यसले जुम्ला जिल्लाका चन्दननाथ नगरपालिकाका माध्यमिक तहका कक्षा १० का विद्यार्थीहरुको व्यावहारिक लेखन क्षमताको पहिचान गरिएको छ । चिठी लेखनको आन्तरिक संरचनामा रहेका मिति, सम्बोधन, विषय ,संरचना, पठाउने र पाउने संरचनामा केन्द्रितभएर लेख्न सक्ने विद्यार्थीहरु ५६.३२५ छन् । उक्त संरचनामा आधारित भएर लेख्न नसक्ने कमजोर विद्यार्थीहरु ४३.६८५ रहेका छन् । त्यस्तैगरी चिठी लेखनको विषयवस्तुगत प्रस्तुतिमा ४८.४६५ विद्यार्थीहरू सक्षम छन् ५१.५४५ विद्याथीहरू चिठी लेखनको विषयवस्तुगत प्रस्तुतिमा कमजोर रहेका छन् । लेखन क्षमतामा देखिएका समस्या, र समाधानका लागि सुझाव, चिठी लेखन क्षमता अभिवृद्धिका उपाय पेश गरिएकोछ । शिक्षण सिकाइमा केन्द्रित यस अनुसन्धानात्मक लेखले चिठी लेखन क्षमताको अवस्था, शिक्षण सिकाइ सिद्घान्त र प्रयोगमा मद्दत गर्नेछ ।
प्रस्तुत लेख स्नातक तहमा समावेश गरिएका कथाहरूमा निहित उद्भावनात्मक सन्दर्भको अध्ययनमा आधारित रहेको छ । स्नातक तहमा समाविष्ट कथामा निहित उद्भावनात्मक सन्दर्भको अध्ययन गर्नु, निर्दिष्ट कथामा व्यवहृत उद्भावनात्मक सन्दर्भको प्रकृति विश्लेषण गर्नु, कथामा प्रस्तुत उद्भावनात्मक सन्दर्भको तुलनात्मक स्थिति समीक्षण गर्नु यस लेखका मुख्य उद्देश्यका रूपमा रहेका छन् । प्रस्तुत लेख गुणात्मक अनुसन्धानमा आधारित रहेको छ । यस लेखमा पुस्तकालयीय कार्यका माध्यमबाट आवश्यक सामग्रीहरूको सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा उद्भावनात्मक सन्दर्भका बारेमा सैद्धान्तिक चर्चा गरिएका सैद्धान्तिक सामग्रीहरूलाई मुख्य सामग्रीका रूपमा उपयोग गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनका आधारमा स्नातक तहका कथाहरूमा राजनीतिक र यौनमनोवैज्ञानिक उद्भावनात्मक सन्दर्भको प्रयोग गरिएको, यौनमनोवैज्ञानिक उद्भावनात्मक सन्दर्भका तुलनामा राजनीतिक उद् भावनात्मक सन्दर्भको अधिकाधिक प्रयोग गरिएको, एकै प्रकृतिको उद्भावनात्मक सन्दर्भमा आधारित कथाहरू समावेश गरिनु उपयुक्त नभएको लगायतका निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनले स्नातक तहमा समावेश गरिएका कथाका कथाकार, अध्यापनरत शिक्षक, अध्ययनरत विद्यार्थीका अतिरिक्त यस क्षेत्रमा अध्ययन गर्न चाहने जोकोहीलाई आवश्यकीय ज्ञान प्राप्त गर्न सघाउ पु¥याउने अपेक्षा गरिएको छ ।
बुद्धको संघमा प्रबज्जित अनुयायीहरुको पहिरनको नालीबेली
बुद्धधर्ममा प्रब्रज्जितहरूले लगाउँने तीनवटा मुख्य कपडाहरूको एक सेटलाई चीवर भनिन्छ । एक सेट चीवरमा अन्तरवासक, उत्तरासंघ र संघाटी गरि तीनवटा कपडाहरूको रहेका हुन्छन् । चीवर सिङ्गो कपडालाई बर्गाकार, आयताकार, गोलाकार र पट्टीहरु जस्ता बिभिन्न आकारमा काटेर जोडेर मानक चीवर सिलाउँने परम्परा रहेको छ । एक ब्यक्तिको लागि कम्तीमा तीनबटा चीवरको आवश्यकता हुन्छ भन्ने बिषय परिक्षणको आधारमा तय गरिएको थियो । चीवरको आधिकारीक खाकाको उत्पत्तिको मगध राज्यको उर्वर भुमी धानखेत सँग जोडिएको पाईन्छ । बुद्धको सङ्घको स्थापनाको पहिलो बीस बर्षसम्म सङ्घमा कस्तो चीवरहरू लगाउँने भन्ने बिषयको खास नियम बनेको देखिदैन । यो बेलासम्म गृहपति चीवर वा गृहस्थले दिएका चीवरहरू लगाउँने चलन नभएकोले बुद्ध लगाएत सवै भिक्षुहरूले पाशंकुल चीवर लगाउँने गर्दथे । पाशुकुल चीवर भनेको सडक, श्मसान, रछ्यान आदीमा फालिएको वस्त्र जम्मा गरी कुहिएको भाग फाली बाँकी भागबाट तयार गरिएको चीवर हो । समयको बिकाससँगै प्राप्त गर्ने तरिका र आसय अनुसार चीवर पनि बिभिन्न्न वर्गमा बिभाजन गरिएको पाईन्छ । यसको रङ्ग पहेलोमा हल्का रातो, केशरको जस्तो पहेलोे, बर्गन्डी, गाढा मरून र केशर रङ्गलाई बिनय पीटकमा आधिकारीक रङ्ग मानिएको पाईन्छ । आफ्नो शरीरको नाप अनुसार चीवर लगाउँन पाईन्छ तर बुद्धको चीवर भन्दा बृहत् आकारको चीवर अरु प्रब्रज्जितको हुनुहुदैन । चिवर प्राप्त गर्ने, यसको ब्यवस्थापन, लगाउँने बिधि आदी बिषयमा विनय पीटकमा राम्रो सँग उल्लेख गरिएको छ । बुद्धधर्ममा निर्वस्त्र हुनु निषेध गरिएको छ त्यसैले बिधिमा रहेर पहिरनको प्रयोग आवश्यक रहन्छ । पाराजिका विनय लागेमा चीवर धारण गर्ने अवस्थाबाट च्युत गरी बौद्धसङ्घबाट निस्कासन गरिने प्रावधान रहेको छ ।
स्नातक तहमा नाटक शिक्षणप्रति शिक्षकका अनुभब
नाटक साहित्यका श्रव्य र दृश्य भेदमध्ये दृश्यकाव्यअन्तर्गत रहेको हुन्छ । यसमा घटना, परिवेश र पात्रको गतिविधिअनुसार अङ्क र दृश्यहरूको व्यवस्थापन गरिएको हुन्छ । यसलाई अभिनय, गायन तथा नृत्यलाई जोडेर प्रस्तुत गरिन्छ । यो दृश्य संरचनामा ढालेर प्रस्तुत गरिने संवादात्मक वा अभिनयात्मक दृश्यविधा हो । यो प्रदर्शनमैत्री, अभिनयमैत्री तथा दृश्यात्मक विधा हो । प्रस्तुत लेखको उद्देश्य स्नातक तहमा नाटक शिक्षणप्रति शिक्षकका अनुभव पहिचान गरी विश्लेषण गर्नु रहेको छ । यस लेखमा रुपन्देही जिल्लामा रहेका क्याम्पसमा नेपाली विषय अध्यापन गर्ने दुई दुई जनाका दरले दशजना शिक्षकलाई सहभागी गराइएको छ । यसक्रममा नेपाली विषय शिक्षकसँग भेटघाट तथा अन्तरवार्ताद्वारा तथ्य सङ्कलन गरिएका छन् । उक्त तथ्यहरूलाई गुणात्मक अनुसन्धानको ढाँचाअनुसार स्नातक तहमा नाटक शिक्षणप्रति शिक्षकका अनुभवको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यस लेखमा आवश्यक सामग्री पुस्तकालयीय कार्यबाट सङ्कलन गरी सम्बन्धित सैद्धान्तिक ग्रन्थलाई स्रोतसामग्रीका रूपमा उपयोग गरिएको छ । शिक्षकका शिक्षण अनुभवअनुसार नाटक शिक्षणलाई सम्बद्घ विषयवस्तु तथा भाषाशिक्षणको सिकाइसँग जोड्नु आवश्यक हुन्छ । यसका लागि विद्यार्थीका शैक्षिक तथा मनोवैज्ञानिक स्तरअनुसार समयसापेक्ष हुने गरी नाटकका विषयवस्तु छनोट र स्तरण गर्नुपर्दछ । यस लेखमा कक्षाको परिस्थिति, नाटक सम्बद्घ विषयवस्तुको गहनता तथा विद्यार्थीका स्तरलाई दृष्टिगत गरी एक वा बढी शिक्षण विधि र प्रक्रिया अँगाल्न सकिने शिक्षकका अनुभव रहेको निचोड निकालिएको छ ।
नेपालको माओवादी जनयुद्ध र किरात राई समुदाय
बि.सं. २०४६ सालको जनआन्दोलनबाट स्थापना भएको बहुदलीय संसदीय राजनीतिक प्रणाली अन्तर्गत बि.सं. २०४८ सालमा सम्पन्न संसदीय निर्वाचन मार्फत ९ वटा संसद सदस्यमा बिजय हासिल गरेर संसदीय राजनीतिक प्रणालीमा सहभागी भएको तत्कालीन राष्ट्रिय जनमोर्चा बि.सं. २०५२ देखि भूमिगत भएको हो । उक्त जनमोर्चा भूमिगत मात्र भएन बरु ने.क.पा. माओवादीको नामबाट सशस्त्र जनयुद्धमा समेत प्रबेस गर्यो । तत्कालीन श्री ५ को सरकारको नेतृत्व गरिरहेका शेरबहादुर देउवा समक्ष ४२ बुँदे राजनीतिक, सामाजिक र आर्थिक मागपत्र पेश गर्दै माग पुरा गर्न समयसीमा तोकेर आन्दोलनको संकेत गरेको माओवादी पार्टीले बि.सं. २०५२ फाल्गुन १ गतेबाट सशस्त्र आन्दोलन शुरु गरेको थियो । उक्त जनयुद्धमा नेपालका आदिवासी जनजाति, दलित, मधेसी र उत्पीडित समुदायका मानिसहरु अत्यधिक संख्यामा सहभागी भए । आदिवासी जनजातिमध्ये एक किरात राई समुदायका मानिसहरु किन माओवादी सशस्त्र जनयुद्धमा सहभागी भए ? यो बिद्यमान एउटा मुख्य प्रश्न हो । माओवादी जनयुद्धमा उठाइएका मुद्धाहरु र बर्तमान अवस्थामा के भिन्नता छ ? यो दोश्रो प्रश्न हो । यिनै प्रश्नहरुको उत्तर खोज्नु यस लेखको मुल उद्देश्य हो । बर्णनात्मक ढाँचामा तयार गरिएको यो लेख गुणात्मक रुपमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । द्वितीय श्रोतबाट प्राप्त तथ्याङ्कहरुको अधिकतम उपयोग गरिएको यो लेखमा एपिए फम्र्याटको सातौ भर्सन अनुसरण गरिएको छ । मुद्धाका हिसाबले जनयुद्धमा सामेल भएका समुदायलाई निरन्तर गोलबन्द गरिरहनका लागि जनयुद्धका समयमा उठाइएका तर थाती रहेका राजनीतिक, सामाजिक र आर्थिक मुद्धाहरु उठाउँदै पुन संगठित हुने र आन्दोलनलाई निरन्तरता दिने अबको कार्यभार बनाइनु पर्दछ भन्ने यो लेखको निष्कर्श हो ।
प्रस्तुत लेख माया ठकुरीको ‘पासो’ कथाको अभिघात विश्लेषणमा आधारित छ । यसमा मूल समस्याको समाधानका लागि कथामा देखिएको पूर्व अभिघात अवस्था, अभिघातका घटना र कारण तथा उत्तर अभिघात अवस्था जस्ता प्रतिमानको उपयोग गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत लेखको सैद्धान्तिक ढाँचाको मूल आधार अभिघात समालोचनाअन्तर्गत क्याथी क्यारुलको अन्क्लेइम्ड एक्स्पेरिएन्स ः ट्रमा न्यारेटिभ एन्ड हिस्ट्री (१९९६) कृतिमा प्रस्तुत सिद्धान्त रहेको छ । व्यक्तिको जटिल मानसिक स्वास्थ्यसम्बद्ध विषय रहँदारहँदै पनि अभिघात सिद्धान्तलाई अन्तरविषयक समालोचना पद्धतिका रूपमा साहित्यले सहजै अङ्गीकार गरेको छ । समालोचनाका क्षेत्रमा अभिघात समाजमा राजनीतिक वा सांस्कृतिक तथा व्यक्तिगत वा मनोवैज्ञानिक कारणबाट पात्रमा सिर्जित तनाव र विच्छिप्तावस्थाका आधारमा कृतिको विश्लेषण गर्ने सिद्धान्त हो । यसले साहित्यिक पाठमा रहेका पूर्व अभिघातको स्वरूप, अभिघात अवस्थाका घटना र कारण तथा अभिघातपश्चातको असन्तुलित स्थितिको खोजी गरी तिनको मनोवैज्ञानिक ढङ्गले विश्लेषण गर्ने काम गर्दछ । कुलत र आफैँले निम्त्याएको सामाजिक पारिवारिक दुर्घटनाबाट सिर्जित मानसिक चोटले पु¥याएको चेतनाको क्षति चित्रण गरिएको प्रस्तुत कथामा पात्र आफ्नो जीवनको सामान्य दैनिकीबाट कुटिलता र जालझेलतर्फ प्रस्थान गरेकै कारण अभ्याहत बनेको देखिन्छ । ‘पासो’ कथाको अभिघात विश्लेषणअन्तर्गत यस लेखमा पूर्वअभिघात अवस्था, अभिघातका घटना र कारण तथा उत्तर अभिघात अवस्थाको विश्लेषणका माध्यमबाट कथा अभिघातका चरण प्रकटीकरणका दृष्टिले नियमितताको समुचित निर्वाह गर्दै सोही अनुरूपका घटनाक्रम र पात्रको मनोदशा चित्रण गर्न सफल रहेको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।
नेपाली भाषा शिक्षकको पेशागत बिकासमा विश्वब्यापीकरण
प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धान नेपाली भाषा शिक्षकको पेसागत विकासमा विश्वव्यापीकरण शीर्षकमा केन्द्रित रहेको छ । यो लेख गुणात्मक ढाँचामा आधारित छ । यसमा नेपालको ग्रामीण क्षेत्र कालिकोटदेखि सहरी क्षेत्र हुँदै राजधानीलाई लिएर तराईलाई समेत समेटेर अध्ययन गरिएको छ । कालिकोटदेखि तराईसम्मका प्रतिनिधिमूलक चार विद्यालयका चार जना नेपाली भाषा शिक्षकहरूलाई सोद्देश्यमूलक सहभागी छनोट विधिबाट अन्तर्वार्ता लिएको छ । चार जना शिक्षकको अन्तर्वाताबाट नेपाली भाषा शिक्षकको पेसागत विकासलाई विश्वव्यापीकरणसँग जोडेर यो अध्ययनलाई अगाडि बढाइएको छ । मानिस, वस्तु, पुँजी, विचार, संस्कृति, श्रम, सिप, सिर्जना, प्रविधि आदि कुनै निश्चित ठाउँ वा क्षेत्रबाट एक अर्को ठाउँसम्म वा विश्वभर नै प्रयोगगत हिसाबले परिचालित हुने प्रक्रिया नै विश्वव्यापीकरण हो । यस अध्ययनलाई दुई साझा थिममा अन्तर्वार्तालाई आगमन पद्धतिसँग जोडेर व्याख्या र विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । नेपाली भाषा शिक्षकको पेसागत विकासमा विश्वव्यापीकरणको प्रयोगलाई विषयवस्तुका आधारमा र शैक्षिक सामग्रीको आधारमा यसको प्रयोगलाई निरूपण गर्नु प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानात्मक लेखको उद्देश्य रहेको छ । जहाँ जहाँ प्रविधि पुगेको छ त्यहाँ त्यहाँ विद्यार्थीहरूको सक्रियता बढ्नुका साथै नेपाली भाषा शिक्षकले पेसागत विकासमा आफूलाई विश्वव्यापीकरणसँग जोडिएर भाषिक सिपको विकास गरेको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।
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