Quest Journal of Management and Social Sciences
Quest Journal of Management and Social Sciences is published by the Quest Research Management Cell of the Quest International College, Gwarko, Lalitpur, Nepal which is affiliated to Pokhara University. Quest Journal of Management and Social Sciences (QJMSS) is a double-blind peer reviewed scholarly journal devoted in publishing high-quality papers using multidisciplinary approaches with a strong emphasis on emerging issues of business, economics, communication, management, finance, administration, English and social issues in half yearly basis. It was established in 2019 to accommodate qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods of research. It is not for profit and fully abides to UGC and QAA guidelines. Its main purpose is to disseminate ideas and research findings in various socio-economic development and managerial issues related to Nepal and other countries. It brings out scholarly research articles and other features. It intends to serve as an outlet with strong theoretical and empirical research for an intellectual forum for the communication of ideas among social scientists in Nepal and rest of the world. The authors does not have to pay any kinds of publication charges for open access.
Quest Research Management Cell, Quest International College, Gwarko, Lalitpur, Nepal
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What Drives Investors Toward Dividend-Paying Stocks? An Analysis of Investment Intention
Background: Dividend-paying stocks attract investors by offering regular income and potential capital growth. Investment intentions are influenced by financial attitudes, financial behavior, and social influences, as explained by the Theory of Planned Behavior. However, challenges such as difficulty tracking dividends, higher taxes, and unequal distribution affect investor decisions and highlight the need for improved dividend management systems. Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to investigate the factors influencing investor’s investment decision for dividend in the stock market. Design/methodology/approach: Explanatory research design is employed in this study. This study is based on theory of planned behavior/ theory of reasoned action. It used a convenience sampling technique, and a total of 403 respondents are interviewed using a structured questionnaire, where data is collected by using the KOBO toolbox. Both descriptive and inferential statistics are used to examine the data quantitatively. SEM Findings: Findings show that majority of investors prefer stock dividends over cash dividends. Subjective norms, financial attitude, and financial behavior have significant impact on individual's intention to invest. Major challenges faced by the investor Quest International College, Pokhara University, Gwarko, Lalitpur, Nepal were identified to be difficulty in tracking dividend payments, higher tax, and Unequal distribution. Streamlining dividend tracking processes, implementing tax reforms to reduce the tax burden on dividends, and promoting equitable dividend distribution can enhance investment experience for investors and foster a more favorable investment environment. Conclusion: Investors preferred stock dividends over cash dividends where Saving Amount and Self-Income are major sources for Investment. Subjective norms, financial attitude, and financial behavior all can play a role in shaping an individual's intention to invest in stocks for dividend purposes. Difficulty in tracking dividend payments, higher tax, and Unequal distribution are the major issues for investors which can be minimized by streamlining dividend tracking processes, implementing tax reforms to reduce the tax burden on dividends, and promoting equitable dividend distribution. Keywords: Investment Decision Making, Dividend, Secondary Share Market, Investors Behaviors
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Factors Affecting Retirement Financial Planning among Private Sector Employees in Kathmandu Valley
Background: With increasing life expectancy and rising living costs, retirement planning has become an important aspect of financial security for employees. In Nepal, although social security schemes such as the Employee Provident Fund (EPF), Citizen Investment Trust (CIT), and Social Security Fund exist, many private sector employees still lack adequate retirement planning. Understanding the factors that influence retirement planning behavior is therefore essential for improving financial preparedness after retirement. Purpose: The study aims to examine the factors affecting financial planning for retirement among employees working in the private sector of Kathmandu Valley. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study adopts an explanatory research design. Data was collected from 412 private sector employees using a structured self-administered questionnaire distributed through Kobo Toolbox. Both descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Smart PLS. Findings: The results reveal that employees with higher educational qualifications are more involved in retirement planning. Future perspective significantly influences attitude toward saving, retirement goal clarity, and retirement planning behavior. Attitude toward saving also has a significant effect on retirement planning behavior. However, social group support does not significantly influence retirement goal clarity or planning behavior. Additionally, retirement goal clarity and attitude toward saving partially mediate the relationship between future time perspective and retirement planning behavior. Conclusion: The study concludes that enhancing financial awareness and long-term financial perspectives can improve retirement planning among private sector employees. Strengthening social security programs, promoting financial education, and providing workplace retirement counseling can help employees better prepare for their post-retirement financial security. Keywords Retirement Planning, Financial Planning, Future Time Perspective, Attitude toward Saving, Retirement Goal Clarity
Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Customer Loyalty: Evidence from Nepalese Insurance Companies in Kathmandu Valley
Background: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a strategic tool for enhancing customer loyalty in the insurance sector. In Nepal, insurance companies increasingly adopt CSR initiatives to build ethical and trustworthy reputations. Understanding how CSR influences corporate image, reputation, and customer loyalty is crucial for sustaining competitive advantage and long-term customer relationships. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of CSR initiatives on customer loyalty across Nepalese insurance companies. Design/methodology /approach: This study follows a post-positivist philosophy and adopts an exploratory research design. Quantitative data from 403 insurance customers were collected using KOBO toolbox and analyzed using descriptipive and inferential statistics with MS Excel, and the Smart PLS 4.0. Findings: The research findings reveal statistically significant relationships between CSR and corporate image (CI), CSR and corporate reputation (CR), and CSR and customer loyalty (CL), and more importantly, they extend existing knowledge by confirming the mediating roles of CI and CR in the CSR–CL relationship. Empirical results show that CSR significantly influences CI (β = 0.242, p < 0.001), CR (β = 0.141, p = 0.006), and CL (β = 0.626, p < 0.001), while CI (β = 0.424, p < 0.001) and CR (β = 0.242, p = 0.001) further enhance customer loyalty. Conclusion: The study confirms significant relationships between CSR and corporate image, corporate reputation, and customer loyalty, while highlighting the mediating roles of image and reputation in the CSR–loyalty link. Nepalese insurance companies that actively engage in CSR enhance customer loyalty by being perceived as ethical, trustworthy, and value-oriented. Keywords: Corporate social responsibility, corporate image, corporate reputation, Customer Loyalty.
Financial Literacy and Participation in Derivative Market in Kathmandu Valley
Background: Financial literacy is critical for informed investment decisions and effective participation in financial markets. Investors with higher literacy better understand complex instruments, such as derivatives, manage risk, and optimize returns. In emerging markets like Nepal, awareness, access, and socioeconomic factors further influence investor participation. Purpose: This study examines financial market involvement from the perspectives of financial literacy, awareness, risk aversion, and participation costs, focusing on derivatives markets. Design/methodology /approach: Grounded in Expected Utility Theory, the study uses an explanatory research design to explore the relationship between financial literacy and derivatives market participation. A non-probability convenience sampling method yielded 297 respondents, with data collected via structured questionnaires through KOBO Toolbox. Ordered logistic regression in STATA was employed to analyze the impact of financial literacy on participation. Findings: Financial literacy positively affects derivatives market participation. Key factors influencing participation include gender, various information sources (financial institutions, school, handouts), purchase installments, and interest coverage. Conclusion: Men, married individuals, and financially literate investors are more likely to participate in derivatives markets. Participation is also shaped by risk attitude and income levels. Policy measures enhancing financial literacy and market awareness can stimulate financial market engagement, increase trading, and boost economic activity. Investors should understand derivatives before investing and diversify holdings to maximize returns while minimizing risk. Keywords: Investment decision, derivative market, financial literacy, expected utility theory, ordered logistic model.
Customers’ Perception on Green Banking Practices in Commercial Banks of Kathmandu, Nepal
Background: In recent years, the concept of green banking has gained increasing attention as banks attempt to reduce environmental impact through digital banking services, paperless transactions, green loans, and energy-efficient operations. In developing countries like Nepal, the adoption of green banking practices is still emerging, particularly in urban areas such as Kathmandu Valley where commercial banks play a significant role in promoting sustainable financial practices. Purpose: Green banking is becoming increasingly popular among banks and financial organizations due to increased public interest in environmental issues. This study aims to examine the perspectives of customers of commercial banks in Kathmandu valley. Design/methodology /approach: This study used an explanatory research approach to evaluate the factors that influence customers' perception of green banking products as well as analyze its determinants. The study applies both descriptive and inferential analysis. Under descriptive, awareness level is determined and for inferential analysis ordered logistic model was used. The study area was Kathmandu valley and sample population was banking customers. Findings: The study shows that customers are moderately aware of green banking. Key determinants of perception include training, social responsibility, resource waste reduction, environmental regulation, bank policies, green money market, power equipment, and solar energy. Preferred strategies are ethical banking, green loans, green saving accounts, online banking, and solar energy use. Conclusion: This study concludes that banking customers are moderately aware of green banking services which hints that there are more-green banking products can be developed and introduced to consumers. Various studies on customer perception and green banking practices have been conducted, according to author’s knowledge. As a matter of fact, there is no conflict of knowledge and the work is original. Key words: Customer perception, green banking, environment, Kathmandu valley, ordinary logit model
Value Chain Analysis of Maize in Bhaktapur District, Nepal: Structure, Participants, and Constraints
Background: Value chain participants play a vital role in ensuring the smooth flow of agri-food products to meet consumer demand without compromising safety and quality. Understanding the structure, relationships, and challenges within the maize value chain is essential for improving productivity and market efficiency. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the maize value chain in Bhaktapur District, identifying its structure, major participants, key relationships, and the constraints faced by stakeholders. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study follows an exploratory research paradigm using value chain analysis theory. Quantitative data were collected from 350 participants in Bhaktapur District, Nepal, using a structured questionnaire via KOBO Toolbox. Purposive sampling was applied, and data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially using ordered logistic regression with STATA and Excel. Findings: Results indicate a conventional arrangement of the maize value chain with limited innovative connections. Farmers’ knowledge of value addition is positively and significantly associated with their education level, the size of maize cultivation land, and their autonomy in setting selling prices. Key challenges include limited market knowledge and the unavailability of quality inputs. Conclusion: Enhancing value addition requires interventions to improve market information flows among traders, strengthen input supply systems through governmental and non-governmental support, and promote sales via organized channels. Supportive strategies include farmer education and expanding maize cultivation areas. The study offers insights into policy and practice to improve the maize value chain through refined extension services, capacity-building programs, and better information dissemination. This is a novel study with no potential conflict of interest. Key words: Value Chain Analysis, Farmer, Traders, Value addition, Ordered logistic Model
Consumer Brand Engagement, Co-Creation and Loyalty Through Social Media Interactivity Among Digital Wallet Service Users of Kathmandu Valley
Background: Digital wallets are rapidly growing in Nepal, offering convenience and cashless payments. Social media provides brands opportunities to engage consumers, share content, and encourage participation. However, research is limited on how social media interactivity influences engagement, value co-creation, and loyalty in developing markets, highlighting a need to explore these dynamics in Kathmandu Valley. Purpose: This study examines how social media brand interactivity affects consumer brand engagement, value co-creation, and brand loyalty among users of digital wallet services in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Design/methodology/approach: An explanatory research design based on Service-Dominant Logic was used. A total of 403 respondents were surveyed through a non-probability sampling technique, and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to analyze the data. Findings: Cognitive information transfer, entertainment, interactive ease of use, and up-to-date content significantly enhance consumer brand engagement, while customization is non-significant. The model explains 23.4% engagement, 18% value co-creation, and 17% brand loyalty. Conclusion: Digital wallet service providers should enhance social media interactivity by focusing on cognitive information transfer, up-to-date content, interactive ease of use, and entertainment. Encouraging customer feedback, opinions, and referrals helps co-create value and strengthen brand loyalty. These findings provide practical guidance for improving social media strategies to engage and retain consumers in developing markets such as Nepal. Keywords: Brand interactivity, engagement, Co-creation, social media, digital wallets, Kathmandu Valley Nepal
User Acceptance of Fintech Services in Nepalese Banks: An Empirical Study Using the Technology Acceptance Model
Background: The rapid growth of financial technology (Fintech) has transformed banking services globally, including in Nepal. Nepalese banks are increasingly offering Fintech services, but adoption and acceptance among users remain uneven due to technological, infrastructural, and knowledge-related challenges. Understanding the factors that influence user acceptance is crucial for maximizing the potential of Fintech in the Nepalese banking sector. Purpose: This study aims to identify and analyze the key factors affecting the acceptance of Fintech services offered by Nepalese banks, with a focus on user perceptions, attitudes, and behavioral intentions in Kathmandu Valley. Design/methodology/approach: An explanatory research design guided by the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was employed. Data were collected from respondents using a self-administered questionnaire via Kobo Toolbox, and convenience sampling was applied. The study analyzed both descriptive and inferential data using Smart PLS 4.0 to test relationships among perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, security, attitude, and behavioral intention to use Fintech services. Findings: The results show that most respondents are aware of and knowledgeable about Fintech services provided by Nepalese banks. The typical users are unmarried youth, predominantly women, working in private sector roles. Lack of infrastructure and limited knowledge about Fintech emerged as the primary challenges to adoption. Key solutions identified include providing adequate training, improving user-friendly interfaces, and enhancing Fintech services accessibility. Perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use significantly influence users’ attitudes toward Fintech services, while security was found to have an insignificant effect. Attitude acts as a mediator between perceived usefulness, ease of use, and behavioral intention to adopt Fintech. Conclusion: The study concludes that user perceptions of usefulness and ease of use are critical drivers of Fintech adoption in Nepalese banks. Addressing infrastructural gaps, improving service usability, and educating users can significantly enhance acceptance and adoption rates. These insights are valuable for banks, policymakers, researchers, and other stakeholders aiming to promote Fintech adoption in emerging markets like Nepal. Keywords: Fintech, TAM, Adoption/Acceptance, SEM, Bank
Driving the Future: What Motivates Electric Vehicle Adoption in Kathmandu Valley
Background: Electric vehicle (EV) adoption is accelerating globally due to environmental and economic concerns. Understanding consumer purchase intention in emerging markets, such as Kathmandu Valley, is crucial for effective market development. However, adoption remains low locally, partly due to infrastructure and behavioral barriers. Purpose: The study aims to investigate the factors influencing consumers’ purchase intention for electric cars in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, with a focus on psychological, social, and control-related determinants. Design/methodology/approach: An explanatory research design based on an extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework was employed. Data were collected from 403 residents through structured questionnaires using online and offline convenience sampling. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with Partial Least Squares (PLS) was applied to test the relationships between Attitude, Emotion, Subjective Norm, Perceived Behavioral Control, and Purchase Intention. Findings: Emotion, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Behavioral Control were found to have a significant positive effect on EV purchase intention, indicating that decisions are shaped by feelings, social pressures, and practical considerations of resources and infrastructure. Attitude, however, was not a significant predictor, suggesting that general positivity toward EVs alone does not translate into purchase intention. The main adoption barriers identified were insufficient charging infrastructure and technical/display issues, while key solutions included expanding charging stations, improving access to spare parts, and implementing supportive fiscal policies such as tax reductions and subsidies. Conclusion EV adoption in Kathmandu Valley shows strong potential but is constrained by infrastructure and social-psychological factors. Successful promotion of electric mobility requires more than economic incentives, it depends on fostering positive emotional connections, leveraging social networks for influence, and establishing reliable, well-equipped support infrastructure to enhance consumers’ perceived control and confidence in ownership. Addressing these factors can accelerate adoption and make EVs a viable and attractive alternative in the region. Keywords: Electric Vehicles, Purchase Intention, Theory of Planned Behavior, Consumer Behavior, Adoption Barriers, Emerging Market
Gen Z and Millennials Behavioural Intention towards Mobile Social Media Advertising in Kathmandu Valley
Background: Mobile social media advertising has become an important marketing tool as the use of smartphones and social media platforms continues to grow among younger generations. In Kathmandu Valley, businesses increasingly rely on mobile advertisements to reach Gen Z and Millennials, making it important to understand their perceptions, attitudes, and behavioral intentions toward such advertising. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand the adaptation of mobile social media advertising on consumer behavioral intention and identify effective marketing strategies that businesses can use to achieve their marketing goals. Design/methodology /approach: This study adopts an explanatory research design based on the Mobile Technology Acceptance Model. A total of 406 respondents were selected using a non-probability sampling technique, specifically convenience sampling. The data collected was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Findings: The findings indicate almost equal participation of male and female respondents, most of whom have tertiary education. The major issues identified include the use of ad-blocking software and ad fatigue. Respondents also suggested the importance of proper planning, strategic advertising approaches, and stronger safety and security measures. Conclusion: The study concludes that mobile usefulness is the most influential factor affecting behavioral intention toward mobile social media advertising. Factors such as adblockers and perceived critical mass influence mobile ease of use and usefulness, which further affect behavioral intention. Additionally, homophily directly influences behavioral intention. Businesses should therefore focus on improving mobile usefulness and creating engaging, informative, and user-friendly advertising content to enhance interaction and build a loyal customer base. Keywords: Mobile social media, Digital Advertising, Behavioral intention, ad blocker
Assessing the Prospects of the Wine Industry in Kathmandu Valley: An Exploratory Study
Background: The wine industry in Nepal has been gradually expanding, particularly in urban areas such as Kathmandu Valley. Understanding public awareness and perceptions toward wine businesses is important for the growth and promotion of the beverage industry in Nepal. Purpose: This research work was carried out to access the prospects of Wine business in Kathmandu Valley. To promote and enhance the beverage industries in Nepal it is very important to find out the possible challenges and outcome. The major objective of this study was to find out the general understanding of wine business in Kathmandu valley. Design/methodology /approach: The exploratory research design was adopted, and data was collected using structured questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential analyses were used where STATA was used for inferential analysis. Kathmandu valley residents were taken as a population, and 403 individuals were taken as a sample. The study has used the non-probability sampling technique. The base theory of the research is Findings: The study conducted shows that majority of the respondents are aware and have knowledge about Wine Business in Kathmandu Valley. People tend to know about wine and its benefits and makings. Result of STATA method shows that 11 variables used in the study are significant. Conclusion: The goal of the study was to know the awareness of people in wine business in Kathmandu Valley, as well as to provide insight into various perspectives and variables. The primary goal of the study is the factors determining the wine business in Kathmandu valley. Based on conclusion this study recommended increased awareness level of people residing in Kathmandu there are various things that should be carried out by the government and the companies that manufacture wine. Keywords: Wine Business, Alcohol, Beverage, Kathmandu Valley, Awareness Index
Assessing the Effectiveness of Loyalty Programs on Consumers’ Buying Behavior: Evidence from Kathmandu Valley
Background: Loyalty programs are widely used by businesses to influence consumer purchasing behavior and build long-term relationships with customers. In a competitive market like Kathmandu Valley, understanding how loyalty programs affect customer satisfaction and loyalty is essential for businesses to retain consumers and enhance buying behavior. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of loyalty programs on consumers’ buying behavior in Kathmandu Valley. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study adopts an explanatory research design and uses a convenience sampling method. Data was collected through structured questionnaires from 403 respondents residing in Kathmandu Valley using the KOBO Toolbox. The study applied Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to analyze the effectiveness of loyalty programs on consumers’ buying behavior. Findings: The results reveal that loyalty programs significantly influence customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Satisfaction also has a significant positive impact on customer loyalty. Furthermore, mediation analysis confirms that satisfaction significantly mediates the relationship between loyalty programs and customer loyalty. Conclusion: The study concludes that loyalty programs play a significant role in shaping consumers’ buying behavior by enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty. Well-designed and innovative loyalty programs are essential for building long-term customer relationships and improving business performance. Keywords: Loyalty Programs, Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty, Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling, Buying Behavior
Consumer Perception on Fast Moving Consumer Goods in Kathmandu Valley
Background: Consumer perception plays a vital role in shaping purchasing decisions for fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG). In a competitive market like Kathmandu Valley, understanding consumer preferences, perceived quality, brand loyalty, and risk perceptions is essential. Studying these factors helps companies identify market trends, improve product offerings, and design effective marketing strategies to meet evolving consumer expectations. Purpose: The purpose of studying consumer perception of FMCG products in Kathmandu Valley is to gain insight into consumer behavior and preferences, identify market trends, improve product quality and safety, and evaluate marketing effectiveness. This information can help FMCG companies develop and execute strategies that better meet the needs of their target consumers, increase sales, and build brand loyalty. Design/methodology /approach: The study is related to the theory of planned behavior as this theory says that psychological hypothesis connects attitudes and actions. Non-probability sampling is used to choose the sample population, 403 respondents in total were interviewed with a structural questionnaire, and data collection was carried out using the KOBO Toolbox. Using PLS-SEM software, structural equation modeling is used to examine the banking consumer perception on FMCG products in Kathmandu valley. Findings: The results show that majority of consumers prefer international brand detergent due to best quality result. Furthermore, SEM results reveal that behavior intention has a significant relationship with personal norm, perceived risk and social norm whereas, perceived advantage shows the insignificant relationship. Conclusion: Consumers use same brand of products for long period of time if they are satisfied with the quality of the product. The traditional FMCG brand faces varied challenges from supply-side pressures, retail challenges, competitive threats and ever-rising consumer expectations if they are unable to understand changing market trends. The world is moving towards eco-friendly products. So, both government and industries should coordinate together to produce and fulfill the demand of market with eco-friendly products Key Words: Consumer Perception, Fast Moving Consumer Goods, Kathmandu Valley, Hypothesis Testing, Survey Methods, Consumption Survey Wealth
Adoption of Green HRM Practices by Industrial Sectors in Kathmandu Valley
Background: Green HRM is an emerging concept, but limited research has explored the relationship between Green Human Resource Management (HRM) practices and organizational commitment. Existing literature shows a gap in understanding how Green HRM is implemented in industrial sectors and its impact on employee abilities, creativity, and commitment. Purpose: The study aims to examine the level of implementation of Green HRM practices in industrial sectors of Kathmandu Valley and analyze their relationship with organizational commitment, extending the Ability–Motivation–Opportunity (AMO) framework. Design/Methodology/Approach: An explanatory research design was adopted, and data was collected using a structured questionnaire. A total of 144 responses were analyzed quantitatively using descriptive and inferential statistics. Smart-PLS 4.0 was applied to assess relationships between Green HRM practices, green human capital, and organizational commitment. Findings: The study reveals that Green HRM practices are rarely implemented in industrial sectors of Kathmandu Valley, with medium-scale industries adopting them more than small-scale industries. Green human capital has a significant positive relationship with organizational commitment, while Green HRM practices enhance employee abilities and green creativity but shows an insignificant relationship with organizational commitment. Conclusion: The findings highlight the importance of Green HRM practices in enhancing employee capabilities and fostering creativity. The study provides practical insights for manufacturing industries, HR managers, policymakers, researchers, and students seeking to promote sustainable HR practices in the industrial sector. Key words: GHRM, Organizational Commitment, Green Human Capital, Mangers/ Owners, Kathmandu Valley Industrial Estate, AMO Theory
Internship Learning Experience of Business Students of Pokhara University in Kathmandu Valley
Background: Internships bridge the gap between theoretical learning and practical workplace experience, providing students with opportunities to apply academic knowledge in real-world settings. Globally, internships are recognized as essential for developing professional skills, enhancing employability, and shaping career trajectories. In Nepal, Pokhara University emphasizes internships as part of business education, yet there is limited empirical evidence on how these experiences influence students’ career development, satisfaction, and promotion of internship programs through word-of-mouth, particularly in the Kathmandu Valley. Purpose: Internships provide students with opportunities to gain practical work experience and enhance learning through structured, supervised engagement. This study examines the experiences and impact of internships on the career development of business students at Pokhara University in the Kathmandu Valley. Design/Methodology/Approach: An explanatory research design was employed, guided by the Expectation Confirmation Theory. A probability sampling technique was used to survey 391 management students. Data collection was conducted using KOBO Toolbox, while data analysis was performed with PLS-SEM, and Microsoft Excel was utilized for data entry and tabulation. Findings: The study finds that students perceive internships as an essential component of their education, providing valuable work experience. However, challenges exist, including organizational issues, time management, role assignment, and treatment of interns. Internship experiences significantly influence students’ future career intentions and their likelihood of recommending the program (word of mouth). Managerial strategies to enhance internship effectiveness are also discussed. Conclusion: Internships play a critical role in shaping business students’ career trajectories and influencing word-of-mouth promotion of internship programs. Satisfaction with internship experiences mediates both future career intentions and word-of-mouth behavior. Addressing the challenges faced by students during internships is essential to maximize their educational and professional benefits. Keywords: Internship, Business Students, Internship Experience, Career Development, Word of Mouth
Customers' Behavioural Intention Towards Internet Banking Usage in Kathmandu Valley
Background: The rapid advancement of information and communication technology has transformed the global banking industry. Internet banking has emerged as a significant innovation, enabling customers to conduct financial transactions conveniently without visiting physical bank branches. In developing countries like Nepal, the adoption of internet banking is increasing; however, usage remains relatively limited due to technological, infrastructural, and security-related concerns. Purpose: The main concern of my study is access to customers' intention towards internet banking. Internet banking Usage is still an issue because of its complexities in adopting it from the technical as well as security perspective. This objective of my study is to determine the customers' behavioral intention towards internet banking usage in Kathmandu Valley. Design/methodology /approach: Explanatory research design was adopted as the main research paradigm to discover reality. The Technological Acceptance Model is applied as a theory. The study area is Kathmandu Valley. The data was evaluated quantitatively by using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Questionnaire was designed to collect the data and were entered into a KOBO Toolbox. SEM was used to analyze the relationships from 379 responses. Findings: The findings of the study show that major challenges were found to be internet connection problems and heavy network traffic for operating internet banking during pandemic. Government provisions or polices for the high internet service in Nepal could be the solution. Similarly, Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Usefulness play a significant role in the behavioral intention towards internet banking. This finding gives theoretical relevance in terms of Technology Acceptance Model. Conclusion: The scope and depth of this study are confined to internet banking users residing in Kathmandu Valley. Further studies should include other variables to better understand the underlying relationship between internet banking and its intention to use. Security and privacy issues can be explored further. Implication includes policy making that focuses on enhancing the internet banking experience further. Key words: Internet Banking, Customers, Banks, Kathmandu Valley, Financial Literacy
Digital Financial Literacy and Adoption of Digital Financial Services: Evidence from Kathmandu Valley
Background: The growth of digital technologies has increased the use of digital financial services such as mobile banking and online payments in Kathmandu Valley. However, effective use of these services depends on individuals’ digital financial literacy. Limited awareness of digital financial products, risks, and consumer rights highlights the need to understand factors influencing digital financial literacy and service usage. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to analyze the factors affecting digital financial literacy and usage of digital financial services among individuals within Kathmandu valley. Despite the increasing popularity of digital financial transactions in the Kathmandu valley, there is little research on how individual usage of digital financial services is impacted by digital financial literacy. Design/methodology /approach: Explanatory research design is used in this study. 420 respondents were selected through non-probability convince sampling technique. Partial least square structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The main theory used in this study is UTAUT to show dependent and independent variables relations. To examine the data both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Self-administered questionnaires are used to ask opinion of respondents. Kobo toolbox is used for data collection. Findings: In the study, more respondents are married than unmarried participators with tertiary education that used digital financial products and services in the Kathmandu valley participated. The biggest problem identified by respondents was the cost of digital financial services, which needs to be adjusted, and the need for consumer education. Conclusion: This study shows that people's comprehension of consumer rights in digital financial transactions, awareness of digital financial risks and how to manage them, and familiarity with digital financial products and services all play significant roles in encouraging financial well-being and decision-making. To improve people's digital financial literacy, the report underlines the necessity for specialized educational programs, expanded awareness campaigns, and efficient consumer protection laws. Keywords: Digital financial literacy, financial services, consumer rights, financial risks
Enhancing Workforce Skills: Employees’ Intention toward Upskilling and Reskilling in Kathmandu Valley
Background: In today’s fast-evolving work environment, employees must continuously upskill and reskill to remain competitive. Organizations in Kathmandu Valley are increasingly emphasizing learning initiatives. Understanding employees’ behavioral intention toward these programs helps identify key drivers, such as knowledge acquisition and technical training, to design effective workforce development strategies. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine employee’s behavior intention towards upskilling and reskilling in Kathmandu Valley. Design/methodology /approach: The study uses explanatory research design, TAM theory uses, Convenience sampling is used, Self-administered questionnaire is used and modified, Kobo toolbox is used for data collection, Kathmandu Valley is the study area, Smart PLS 4.0 is used for data analysis, Descriptive and Inferential data analysis techniques were used. Findings: The findings show that most employees are aware of upskilling and reskilling and view them as essential for career growth. Knowledge acquisition (β = 0.374, p < 0.05) and technical training (β = 0.452, p < 0.05) significantly influenced employees’ attitudes, while attitude strongly predicted behavioral intention to learn (β = 0.378, p < 0.05). Top management support (β = 0.034, p = 0.432) and subjective norms (β = 0.039, p = 0.298) were not significant predictors of attitude. Mediation results further confirmed attitude as a key intervening variable linking organizational and social factors with learning intention. Conclusion: According to this study, Knowledge Acquisition and Technical Training has a significant relationship with attitude, Attitude and Behavior Intention to Learn has a significant relation and Attitude has mediating effect independent variable (Top Management Service, Technical Training and Subjective Norms) and Behavior Intention to Learn Upskilling and Reskilling. Keywords: TAM, Microsoft Excel, Adoption/Acceptance, SEM, Organization.
The Impact of Mergers and Acquisitions on Customer Satisfaction of Nepalese Bank and Financial Institutions
Background: In recent years, mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have become a strategic approach adopted by banks and financial institutions worldwide to enhance competitiveness, increase operational efficiency, and strengthen financial stability. In Nepal, regulatory reforms and policies introduced by the Nepal Rastra Bank have encouraged consolidation among banks and financial institutions to create stronger and more sustainable financial entities. Understanding how these structural changes influence customer satisfaction is therefore important for ensuring the success of post-merger operations. Purpose: This study aims to examine the impact of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) on customer satisfaction in Nepalese banks and financial institutions (BFIs), identifying key challenges and potential managerial solutions for improving service quality post-M&A. Design/methodology /approach: A descriptive and explanatory research design was adopted. Data were collected from 405 bank customers in Kathmandu Valley using convenience sampling and a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel for descriptive statistics and SmartPLS 4.0 for inferential analysis, including Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to assess relationships between service quality dimensions and customer satisfaction. Findings: The majority of respondents are male and maintain banking relationships primarily as depositors. Almost half of the respondents experienced challenges due to M&A, including changes in product and service offerings (31.45%), integration issues in bank systems (29.3%), and lack of effective communication (21.51%). Among the five SERVQUAL dimensions, tangibility (β = -0.235, p = 0), reliability (β = 0.235, p = 0), and assurance (β = 0.336, p = 0) significantly influence customer satisfaction, while responsiveness and empathy were not significant. Proposed solutions include offering new and improved products and services, enhancing communication, and ensuring reliable system integration to address post-merger challenges. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the importance of improving service quality after M&A in Nepalese BFIs. By focusing on enhanced products, effective communication, reliable systems, and upgraded service delivery, banks can increase customer satisfaction and ensure successful post-merger operations. Keywords: Merger and Acquisition, Customer Satisfaction, Banking Sector, Nepalese Financial Institutions, Service Quality
Background: The notion of normalcy is often treated as natural and universal; however, it is a socially and culturally constructed concept shaped by power, discourse, and institutional practices. Societal definitions of “normal” function as standards through which differences in body, intellect, race, class, and gender are evaluated and frequently stigmatized. This links the politics of normalcy closely with the politics of culture. Purpose: This paper aims to critically examine how normalcy is constructed and how it operates within cultural systems to produce hierarchy and exclusion. It focuses on disability as a central example while extending the analysis to broader cultural processes involving identity, power, and social classification. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study adopts a qualitative, interpretive, and theory-driven methodology based on textual and conceptual analysis. It engages with key contributions from disability studies, cultural studies, and Marxist and poststructuralist theory to analyze how norms and meanings are historically produced and maintained. Findings: The study finds that categories of “normal” and “abnormal” are historically contingent rather than fixed. Disability is shown to be socially constructed through cultural values and institutional practices, not merely biological conditions. Additionally, culture is revealed as a non-neutral domain where meanings are produced, contested, and institutionalized, reinforcing hierarchies related to class, race, gender, and identity. Conclusion: The paper concludes that the politics of normalcy and culture are deeply intertwined, operating through processes of classification, exclusion, and hierarchy. However, these structures are not immutable and can be challenged through critical theory and inclusive cultural practices. Recognizing the constructed nature of normalcy enables the development of a more democratic and inclusive understanding of human diversity. Keywords: Normalcy, disability, culture, stigma, identity