Pragyaratna प्रज्ञारत्न is published by TUTA, Mahendra Ratna Campus, Tahachal, Nepal. Pragyaratna is an academic forum for the publication of articles in different streams of education including but not limited to: Nepali, English, Maths, Science, ICT, Health, Political science, History, Population and Economics.
Bridging Cultures: Home and School Mathematics
Mathematics is practicing explicitly and implicitly as a part of everyday activity of different group of people. The intent of this paper is to analyze the mathematical ideas practiced in the out-of-school environment and its possible connection to the teaching and learning of school mathematics. The mathematical thinking and ideas used by the different professional groups of people, such as carvers, mason, carpenter, street venders, black smith, gold smith, shoe makers, children’s games, cultural arts, cultural artefacts and household activities are limited by their workplace boundaries. Viewing their boundaries from outside, these professional groups of people is using mathematical knowledge and ideas just to perform their everyday activities. The connection of the mathematical ideas practiced in out-of-school context to the school mathematics helps students understand mathematics in effective and meaningful ways. Understanding the mathematical ideas embedded in out-of-school activities can enhance students' grasp of formal mathematics by connecting these practical experiences to academic concepts. Bridging the gap between everyday mathematical practices and school-based instruction can make learning more relevant and engaging, helping students see the real-world applications of their mathematical knowledge.
Perceptions and Practices of Educational Leadership in Community Schools of Kathmandu Metropolitan City
The purpose of study is to explore the perceptions and practices of educational leadership in community school of Kathmandu Metropolitan City. The study employed a qualitative case study research design to conduct an empirical investigation, involving the participation of head teachers, assistant head teachers, and teachers from community schools. This study examines how instructional strategies, teacher motivation, and engagement are improved in community schools through the use of educational leadership. This study identifies key leadership practices and techniques that foster a productive learning environment through qualitative methods, including interviews, observations, and document analysis. The verbal data were collected, transcribed, categorized, and organized into themes. The results indicate that success cannot be achieved by one person alone; collaborative teamwork is essential. Educational leadership should act as a facilitator, fostering effective partnerships with stakeholders. Growth and development cannot occur without motivation, and educational leadership must build trust and unity among stakeholders. Educational leadership should emphasize praise, respect for parents, and cooperation to strengthen partnerships among teachers, students, and parents. The study emphasizes the role of leadership in creating holistic learning environments that emphasize community engagement. When promoting harmony, accountability, and the use of distributed and transformative leadership, community schools can encourage student progress. The study highlights various leadership philosophies, the influence of social and cultural contexts, and strategies to enhance academic achievement. The findings offer insights to inform educational policy and leadership development programs.
Knowledge and Practice of Junk Foods in Secondary Level Students
Consumption of junk foods by adolescents has become a serious public health problem. Although they are aware of the adverse health consequences, most adolescents have limited information and hence change their eating behavior minimally. Socio-economic factors, influence of peers, and availability at cheaper prices stimulate the consumption of more junk food. Cultural changes due to urbanization and adoption of Western type of food habits have enhanced this problem by shifting the food preference toward junk food consumption. Some serious physical and academic consequences of junk foods consumption include obesity, diabetes, and poor academic performance. Major challenges to improvement in eating have included a lack of access to affordable healthy food and nutrition education. To promote better eating, efforts should include school-based nutrition education along with supporting policies and community involvement. These will reduce the health risks long-term by promoting efforts in knowledge gaps and socio-economic and cultural factors. Efforts to encourage healthier food environments and policy advocacy can boost adolescent health outcome.
Integration of Curriculum Ideological and Political Education into Teaching English Reading in China
Curriculum Ideological and Political Education (CIPE) is a comprehensive educational concept. Integrating ideological and political education into subject teaching can effectively promote students' political consciousness, and enhance their national self-esteem, pride, and national identity. This study adopts empirical research, focusing on eighth-grade students and English teachers at a middle school in Lufeng City. Using survey questionnaire and teacher interviews, it explores the current status of integrating Curriculum Ideological and Political Education into teaching of English reading in junior high school. The main research questions include: (1) What is the overall understanding of junior high school students and teachers on integrating Curriculum Ideological and Political Education into English reading teaching? (2) What is the impact of integrating Curriculum Ideological and Political Education into English reading teaching on the emotional attitude and values of junior high school students? (3) What specific approaches do English teachers employ to integrate Curriculum Ideological and Political Education into junior high school English reading teaching? The survey results show that students generally support the integration of CIPE into reading teaching, and teachers also recognize its advantages. However, teachers face challenges in putting it into practice. This study identifies the problems of integrating CIPE into teaching reading through experimental data analysis and proposes corresponding solutions, aiming to innovate the research on junior high school English reading.
Gender Dynamics in Agriculture: A Path to Livelihood Sustainability at Changunarayan, Bhaktapur
Agriculture plays a vital role in Nepal's economy, with women, particularly in rural areas, comprising a significant portion of the workforce. This paper explores gender dynamics in agriculture in Changunarayan Municipality, Bhaktapur, focusing on women's roles in food production, resource management, and decision-making. Despite their substantial involvement, women face disparities in asset ownership and access to resources. Based on field observations and surveys of 60 households, purposively selected from two agriculture dominated communities located in two different wards of selected municipality, the study reveals that women are primarily responsible for key agricultural tasks, labor managements, and financial decisions. However, their contributions are undervalued, and they often lack tools to boost productivity. The findings emphasize the need for equitable resource distribution and greater recognition of women's roles for sustainable agricultural development. The study concludes that future strategies should prioritize equitable access to resources, ownership rights, and tools that empower women in agriculture.
Students’ Mathematical Errors: A Responsibility of the Teachers
Among the roles and responsibilities of numerous factors for the formation of students’ errors, the specific objective of this research was to explore mathematics teachers’ insight with reference to their own teaching role that how far it was responsible to evolve and develop students’ mathematical errors. So, the study collected, analyzed and theorized the views and experiences of mathematics teachers regarding students’ mathematical errors which could be formed because of teachers’ different teaching styles and processes. There were four main areas of investigation to explore that how teaching/learning (T/L) process lead by the teachers is accountable for seeding mathematical errors in students’ learning progression. The study has basically followed a qualitative research design though it has processed some simple factual data. Thus, the perceptual information was supplemented and strengthened by the factual data gathered from the survey task. As a data collection procedure, it adapted interview, focus group discussion (FGD) and survey. For this, the required research tools developed were interview and FGD guidelines along with a set of surveying questionnaire. The qualitative information was coded as per the main themes of investigation of four areas and then they were critically judged, analyzed, and interpreted. At the end, the findings of the study were strengthened by a triangulation process with reference to relevant theories and previous research studies of the same field.
Gender Perspective of Leadership for Professional Identity: A Qualitative Perspective Higher Education
This paper explores gender perspectives in leadership within higher education, with a focus on how representative leadership can enhance gender inclusion and professional identity. The main goal is to understand how such leadership influences gender-related views and practices in educational settings. The study looks at different leadership styles in the field, highlighting how representative leadership encourages participation across gender, race, ethnicity, and other dimensions, fostering a more inclusive learning environment. Theoretical connections are drawn from representative leadership theory to provide a conceptual framework for this study. Employing a qualitative approach, the researcher follows a phenomenological study with four participants based on primary data from an in-depth interview. This analysis explores representative leadership approaches and their impact on effective school leadership in higher education. In summary, the study highlights the importance of fostering inclusive leadership, adopting effective leadership models, and focusing on gender equity and professional development. These strategies are essential for improving leadership effectiveness, creating equitable educational institutions, and addressing the diverse needs of their communities.
Perception of Faculties Towards the Implementation of Curriculum in the Semester System of Constituent Campuses of TU
Curriculum of any programme indicates its clear objectives, content, learning strategy and the evaluation process. Semester system implies the short term based holistic academic procedures twice in a year. Curricular implementation is the crown of the semester system which reflects the efficiency of teachers, achievement of students and the quality of the programme. To explore the perception of faculties to the implementation of curriculum in the semester system of the constituent college of TU is the leading objectives of this study which provides the guidelines to explore the essential components of the curriculum of the semester system. Literature and the theoretical review of this study has supported to justify the generating information through the field. The qualitative design implies participatory action research paradigm and purposive sampling procedures to select the colleges and the teachers as curriculum implementers. Containing focused on the content coverage, use of teaching and learning strategy, available and use of resources and materials and evaluation process, the information was generated. There is better content coverage of the course and clarity of the objectives in the curriculum whether the techniques of instruction are student centered and the resources and materials are partially available and used to achieved the pre-determined aims. The internal evaluation process is partially flexible but the final examination system is rigid in the semester system of the constituent colleges of TU. For the holistic improvement of the semester system and its sustainability, teacher should be autonomous to prepare the curriculum and its implementation.
Menstrual Hygiene and Sanitation Practices Among Female College Students in Surkhet
Menstrual hygiene and sanitation practices embodies the importance of menstrual hygiene and sanitation for the health and well-being of individuals who menstruate. Inadequate menstrual hygiene management can lead to health issues, social stigma, and absenteeism from work or school. The objective of this study is to examine the menstrual hygiene and sanitation practices to the help of supportive requirements of campus level girls students. Using quantitative and descriptive methods, the study surveyed 340 out of 2,294 bachelor-level female students at Surkhet Multiple Campus, selected through sample random sampling. Closed ended questionnaire was the tool of this study. The findings emphasize that menstrual hygiene and sanitation practices, along with supportive requirements, are crucial for enhancing menstrual health and overall well-being. When the symptoms of menstruation appear, the majority of respondents (91%) carry a menstrual pad, indicating that they are aware of their menstrual management and also (88%) claimed that both reusable cloth pad and sanitary pad is used for their menstrual hygiene management.
Gender Differences in Metacognitive Skills in Mathematics Learning
Students' weak mathematical metacognitive skills can reduce their drive to learn, potentially leading to underwhelming outcomes in mathematics. This study investigated mathematical metacognition levels among high school students and examined potential gender differences. A quantitative approach was employed, surveying 402 randomly selected students from four secondary schools of Kathmandu district. Metacognition was assessed using 18 items adapted from the Junior Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (Jr MAI). Results revealed strong student awareness of interest impacts on learning but weak engagement in self-questioning about outcomes. Significant gender differences emerged, with males demonstrating higher overall metacognition scores (mean = 67.655) compared to females (mean = 64.399), (t = -2.875, p = 0.004, d = 0.2886). Girl students exhibited greater inconsistency in metacognitive abilities. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions considering both general metacognitive development and gender-specific approaches. Implications include adapting teaching strategies to individual metacognitive awareness levels and developing interventions for areas of lower usage. Future research should explore factors contributing to gender differences and investigate effective strategies for promoting metacognitive development across all students, regardless of gender.
Socio-Demographic Determinants of Premature Child Mortality among Kumal Women in Gandaki Province, Nepal
Premature child mortality remains a pressing public health issue in rural, economically disadvantaged areas of Nepal. This study explores socio-demographic determinants of child mortality in the Kumal community of Gandaki Province. A cross-sectional survey of 322 mothers aged 15-49 analyzed key factors such as maternal age, family size, parental education, food security, and father’s employment status. Findings indicate that older maternal age (34-49 years) correlates with higher mortality rates (χ2 = 18.96, p = 0.021). Larger family size, particularly with three or more children, increases mortality (χ2 = 6.68, p = 0.033). Lower paternal education levels are also linked to higher mortality (χ2 = 15.37, p = 0.002). Food insecurity exacerbates risk, with insufficient food increasing death rates (χ2 = 4.319, p = 0.028). Additionally, the absence of fathers due to migration further raises mortality risks (χ2 = 12.719, p = 0.049). However, the sex of the last child and the household head did not significantly impact mortality. Qualitative data support these findings, emphasizing the need for improved prenatal care, educational programs, food security initiatives, and support for families affected by migration.
Inter-Basin Water Transfers: Balancing Water Scarcity Solutions with Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts from Nepalese Perspective
Inter-basin water transfer (IBWT) involves moving water across drainage divides to address water scarcity, support agriculture, industry, recreation, and generate hydropower. While practiced since ancient times, modern IBWTs gained momentum in the 19th century and have since expanded globally. These projects range from small-scale transfers to large water transfer megaprojects (WTMPs). IBWTs can help mitigate water shortages, enhance food and energy security, and support ecosystem restoration, but also pose risks such as habitat degradation, biodiversity loss, and socio-economic disruptions. Though Nepal has practiced IBWT since the 17th century, the complex environmental and socio-economic consequences observed globally have yet to be fully assessed in the country. Furthermore, a number of IBWTs in the country are in pipeline. Therefore, this review is an attempt to shed light on different aspects of IBWTs including a brief historical perspective; the scale; and to evaluate the environmental and; socio-economic impacts globally and describe the scenario and associated implications in Nepalese context. This study selected articles based on IBTWs, their relevance to environmental impacts, socio-economic effects, and the role of IBWTs. Sources include peer-reviewed journals, government reports, and case studies, focusing on global examples and specific challenges in Nepal. The major findings of this study is that IBWTs are gaining popularity and are becoming important in water-food-energy nexus despite their environmental and socio-economic implications. However, if such projects are undertaken with comprehensive environmental assessments, sustainable water management practices, with inclusive policy frameworks, countries can leverage IBWT projects to meet their growing demands for water, energy, and food, while safeguarding ecological integrity and community welfare.
Potentialities and Challenges of Adopting English as a Medium Instruction at the Basic Level in Nepal
Nepal is a multilingual, multicultural, multireligious, and multi-diverse country which has 124 national languages and 142 ethnic groups. English as a medium of instruction (EMI) has been implemented in community schools since 2006 to catch up with the EMI policy of every country in the world. This study attempted to explore the potentialities and challenges of adopting EMI at school level and find out the reason behind adopting EMI in Nepal. The phenomenological research design has been adopted to address the research questions of this study. The sample of study was 8 teachers who were selected from four schools, at least 2 teachers from each school as respondents through purposive non-random sampling procedure. The findings of this study show the use of translanguaging in the EMI classroom, excessive motivation of parents and learners towards EMI, lack of teacher preparation, EMI with integration of digital pedagogy, and EMI as the main causes of the loss of of mother tongues in community schools. It is concluded that EMI is essential for the bright career of learners in the non-English speaking country like Nepal because of the excessive dominance of the English in every domain of human life. The English language has become the lingua franca and global language to open a gateway in business, trade, education, science and technology, information communication and technology, politics, media, and diplomacy.
Nexus Between Tax Revenue and Economic Growth in Nepal
This study examines the relationship between Nepal's economic growth and tax revenue from the country's fiscal years 2002–2003 to 2022–2023. Relevant time series secondary data were gathered from the World Bank, Nepal Rastra Bank, Ministry of Finance, Inland Revenue Department, and other sources in order to achieve the objectives. Scholarly publications from the past were also consulted. The linear regression model has been used to examine the gathered data. The outcome demonstrates that overall revenue, including tax revenue, significantly increases GDP. Although tax collection has shown encouraging trends, it is still insufficient to cover Nepal's government's expenses.
The Role of Social Media in Reducing Loneliness among Senior Citizens in Lamki Chuha Municipality of Kailali District, Nepal
Senior citizens get encouraged by social media to engage in local community centered events so as to feel less isolated and connected. In Nepal, the number of old people is increasing very fast. The studies objectives to assess how effective social media is in mitigating the issue of serious loneliness among senior citizen. A descriptive cross-sectional survey research design was used, employing a structured questionnaire. The sample included 121 elderly citizens. As they were drawn upon to gather quantitative data: In social media use frequency an increase of one unit would decrease loneliness by 0.35 units strongly related to this also, In fact, Increased perceived social support decreased loneliness by 0.50 units thereby depicting a strong negative correlation, younger individuals have been found to be more prone to being alone than older. The conclusion from that social media was shown to reduce depression among the elderly. Additionally, according to findings, there is need for the elimination of technical barriers as well as creation of digital support networks in order to enhance wellbeing for the elderly.
Profundity of Truth in the Paradoxes in Amanda Gorman’s Poem “The Miracle of Morning”
Amanda Gorman speaks through the language of paradox in her poem "The Miracle of Morning”. Her artistic expression, appealing voice and the aesthetic of the language of paradox instill hope and a sense of community building in people to survive the unprecedented crisis of Covid-19. She captures the hopeless mood of the American people battered by the unknown disease and attempts to soothe the bereaved hearts and minds who are mourning the unexpected loss of lives and are living under the unknown fear of the pandemic. To discuss the aesthetics and effectiveness of the language of paradox, this paper uses Cleanth Brooks’ theory of poetry. His concept of the language of poetry as the language of paradox supports the analyses of the imagery and paradoxes in the poem drawn from day to day lives and familiar activities. This paper argues that such language enables the readers to perceive the ordinary or the commonplace differently, positively and hopefully, and helps them realize the profound truth of the complexes of human lives. Gorman fills the crisis-ridden people with positivity, hope and unity to overcome the unknown fear as a common human crisis. The high production of poetry during the Pandemic approves the power of poetry and its language to heal the deeper wounds and give company in moments of separation and loneliness that people had to bear while keeping with the social and physical distancing. Poetic imagination steers the readers to in-depth truth that lies beyond the explicitly paradoxical situations that ordinary minds fail to perceive.
Policy Actors’ Familiarity, Engagement and Perceived Important Factors Towards the Implementation of Multilingual Education in Nepal
This paper explores meso-level policy actors’ familiarity, engagement and perception in relation to the implementation of multilingual education in Nepal. The data were gathered through a census survey conducted online with the education officers (here known as meso-level policy actors) working at Education Sections of municipal levels across Nepal. A total of 163 respondents fully completed the online survey that explores how familiar they are with multilingual education, what they have been doing (or have done) and what they think is important for the implementation of multilingual education in Nepal. The findings revealed that the policy actors’ engagement and familiarity with the national policy on multilingual education is below the average, indicating that policy communication and understanding in the implementation of multilingual education in Nepal’s schools is inadequate. The findings also revealed that the policy actors’ engagement is not focused on understanding multilingualism as a regular pedagogical process rather the attention has been diverted towards teaching local languages/mother tongues separately as subjects, ultimately reproducing the monolingual ideologies in education. This implies that a holistic understating is needed for the successful implementation of multilingual education policy in Nepal.
Two Poles on the Use of ICT in Mathematics Education: Opportunities and Challenges
This article is a literature-based article exploring the different opportunities and challenges in using ICT. The article examines the use of ICT by categorizing two poles of learning mathematics. This article has explored the fundamental use of ICT in mathematics teaching. The article has also explored what and how different types of ICT tools were used in secondary schools in Nepal, and what challenges arose in learning mathematics with ICT. It is found that numerous opportunities were found for the use of ICT such as the increase in motivation, student engagement, self-paced learning, and maintaining justice in learning mathematics. Similarly, the analysis of different challenges such as cost constraints, knowledge constraints, maintaining equity and access, sustainability, and skilled human resources were found in the use of ICT in classroom instruction.
Local Curriculum in Basic Level Education: Cultural Connection Versus Academic Coherence
This study examines the dynamic friction that arises when local curriculum at the basic education level is implemented, balancing academic consistency with cultural connectedness. The objective of the study is to investigate strategies to preserve academic integrity and standards while incorporating local cultures into the basic education curriculum. I used post positivist research paradigm, with random sampling and Likert type questionnaire is used to collect the data from the respondents. One sample t- test is used in data analysis procedure. Insights from educators, legislators, and a range of case studies are included in this conversation, which emphasizes the advantages and difficulties of incorporating regional culture into basic education while upholding strict academic standards. Creating a diverse learning environment versus upholding academic coherence is a common point of debate in the discussion around the adoption of local curriculum in basic level. The relevance of both, their potential for balance, and their possible effects on the growth and learning of students are all examined. The difficulty of striking a balance between culturally relevant instruction and standardized academic coherence is being brought to light by the global effort to improve inclusivity and usefulness in education systems.
Analyzing the Connection of Linear Algebra: Enhancing Visual Reasoning through Vector Spaces
This paper investigates the significant relationship between geometry and linear algebra, emphasizing the ways in which vector spaces and linear transformations improve visual reasoning. I used post positivist paradigm and quantitative research design. For this research, I selected 90 students to represent a sample of math majors who have completed M.Ed. level coursework, obtained employment, and are enrolled in M.Ed. programs at all Tribhuvan University constituent campuses. It looked at how bases, eigenvectors, linear independence, and dimension are interpreted geometrically and emphasizes in what way important these concepts are for comprehending spaces, forms, and transformations. In order to bridge the gap between abstract algebraic theory and intuitive geometric reasoning, the article also described how these ideas make it easier to analyze linear algebra with geometrically.
Teacher Belief, Knowledge, and Practice: A Trichotomy of Mathematics Teacher Education
This theoretical paper explored and examined three key concepts: the beliefs, knowledge, and practices of math teachers. In order to derive some pedagogical and research implications, I conducted a literature review on teacher beliefs, knowledge, and practices. Three themes emerged from the reviews: teacher beliefs influence practice but in a supportive environment; teacher beliefs influence teacher change (development); and teacher knowledge encompasses more than the whole of content, pedagogical, and technological knowledge and their potential combinations.
Students' Perspectives on the Ideal Teacher in Lalitpur, Nepal
This study explored students' perspectives on the characteristics of an ideal teacher in Lalitpur, Nepal. The objective was twofold: to examine students' views on the ideal teacher and to determine whether these perspectives varied based on academic performance. A phenomenological research design was employed, focusing on two secondary-level students from Lalitpur. One student was a high academic achiever, while the other struggled academically. In-depth interviews were conducted, and the data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The results revealed that students viewed ideal teachers as those who actively engaged with less interactive and academically struggling students, offering support and encouragement. In contrast, ineffective teachers were described as those who overwhelmed students with unnecessary workloads, lacked creativity, and frequently reprimanded them for their performance. The practical implications of this study's findings underscore the importance of fostering inclusive and supportive learning environments tailored to the needs of all students, regardless of their academic abilities, providing actionable insights for educators, researchers, and policymakers.
Influence of Parents' Economic and Educational Status on Children's Learning
Economic and educational status of parents directly and indirectly influences the children’s learning. This article explores Influence of Parents' Economic and Educational Status on Children's Learning. The study was conducted in Sudal area of Bhaktapur district where several people have migrated from several districts and have taken employment in several areas including brick factories. Qualitative research designed was used in this study. The population of the study included all head teachers, all teachers who taught in grade-3 and students of grade-3 at schools in Bhaktapur district and the parents working in the brick factories are population of this study. Out of this population, one school located in Chyamasing area was selected as a case. The study was further narrowed down to grade-3. This school’s head teacher, one teacher who taught in grade-3, one grade-3 student and one parent of same student who is working in brick factory was chosen purposively as sample in this case study. In this qualitative case study, in-depth interviews and observations were conducted to understand parental activities and behavior in supporting their children’s learning. This research concluded that not only economic and educational status of the parent’ influence children’s learning but also positive behavior of parents toward the children, good relationship between parents and children, good parenting style, ways of motivation of parents, and positive feedbacks of teacher, remedial teaching, proper support from teacher’s positively influenced their children’s learning.
Policy versus Reality: Challenges of Implementing ICT in Higher Education in Nepal
This paper discusses the challenges of implementing information and communication technology (ICT) in higher education, comparing policy with reality in Nepal. Education is a socially oriented activity traditionally associated with strong teachers and personal contact with learners. ICT has become an integral part of today’s teaching and learning process. The efficient utilization of ICT can enhance student motivation, enhance class dynamics, and boost teacher enthusiasm as they acquire new skills and techniques. ICT in education significantly enhance teaching, learning, and research, preparing future generations for future careers and lives. However, the policy and reality of ICT use in higher education are increasingly crucial in the 1st century for enhancing teaching and learning by incorporating digital environment. This paper, based on reviews of secondary data from government and UGC sources, reveals disparities in the practical implementation of these policies. The findings revealed that the government of Nepal has implemented various ICT policies since the 1990s, including the ICT in education Master Plan, Higher Education Policy, Digital Nepal Framework, and NEHEP. All these policies initiatives aim to improve educational quality by integrating ICT into teaching, learning and administrative processes. Despite the implementation of comprehensive policies, significant challenges persist, including inadequate funding, inadequate infrastructure, and a lack of teacher training. This paper concludes that there is a need for a coordinated strategy, continuous investment, and robust monitoring to maximize the potential of ICT in higher education in Nepal.
Parents’ perceptions towards free and compulsory education
This article is the study of school-going age children which is now a fundamental right in Nepal as described in article-31 in the constitution of Nepal in 2015 and the Right to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2018. On the same foundation, this article aims to study the view of parents towards the national policy of free and compulsory education. The research is based on the qualitative research design, which includes an in-depth study and document review of different national policies and field studies. Furthermore, the field study was conducted among the parents using a questionnaire interview to determine the real and exact situation of parents towards free and compulsory education. The research findings depicted no real feeling of free and compulsory education at the grassroots level. Parents have to pay some amount of money even in the community school for the education of their children. The scholarships provided by the nation are not sufficient for the poor, indigenous, backward and physically and mentally disabled students. The three-tier government has to work at its best to bring free and compulsory education into real practice in our everyday lives. The stakeholders are responsible for bringing this into practice as education is the only way to a prosperous and happy society and nation.
Migration and Education in Ghorahi-12, Dang: A Path to Rural Property Revitalization
Abstract: The study identified multiple dynamics of rural to urban migration and aims to analyze the impacts of migration on rural property. Mixed-methods approach is employed to achieve the defined goals. Quantitative data collection and analysis is given priority and then, qualitative data is collected and analyzed to offer comprehensive understanding. The study population of 1470 households comprise total migration from Hapur to Ghorahi has a significant impact on mode of rural property use. Among the migrants, (30.61%) have reported low supply of agricultural work force in rural areas. This results in either selling rural property or leaving it barren. As reported by 6.87 % of respondents, high connectivity among the relatives, friends and local government is well entertained due to migration. A high majority of the migrants, 61.43%, expressed that quality education remained the reason behind migration from Hapur to Ghorahi but the property in Hapur remained neglected due to distance management. Not the expansion of the urban areas, but the transformation of rural to urban accelerates overall development. Education, in this context, can be the comprehensive tool for rural urbanization with strong socio-economic foundation.
Shreemad Bhagavat Geeta From Mathematical Perspectives
This article is based on the message of Shreemad Bhagvat Geeta, a significant and popular text within the Hindu epic, Mahabharat. An attempt has been made to convey it's meaning with the help of this article. In fact, this is a try to analyze the scripture from the lens of mathematics so that the mathematics community can be benefited with it. Inside the article, the quantification process of our practical life endeavors and some methods related to mathematics teaching are discussed. No mathematical formula and calculations are included here but formulas for solving practical life problems are mentioned.
उपन्यासकार हृदय चन्द्रसिंह प्रधान: प्रगतिवादका कोसेढुङ्गो
प्रस्तुत लेख आधुनिक नेपाली उपन्यासकार हृदय चन्द्रसिंह प्रधानमा केन्द्रित छ । प्रधानद्वारा स्वास्नीमान्छे (२०११) र एकचिहान (२०१७) गरी दुई उपन्यास रचना गरिएको छ । यी रचनामा जनक्रान्तिपछिको नेपाली सामाजिक–आर्थिक अवस्था तथा गरिबी, शोषण, विभेद तथा उत्पीडनका विरुद्ध विद्रोहमा उत्रन थालेको सामाजिक चेतनाको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यी उपन्यासमा नारीलाई बेश्या बन्न बाध्य पारिदिने पुरुष अधिनायकवादी सोचाइको प्रतिकारमा उत्रिएको नारीविद्रोह छ । साथैश्रमिक तथा किसानमाथि शोषण गर्न पल्किएका सामन्तकाविरुद्ध जागरुक उत्पीडित निम्नवर्गको जोसिलो आवाज छ । कुसंस्कार र सामाजिक विकृतिप्रतिको तीब्र असहमतिमात्र छैन परिवर्तनको दिशानिर्देश पनि यिनमा गरिएको छ । साथै नारी अस्तित्व र मूल्यबोध अनि किसान जागरण र कर्मशीलताको क्रान्तिकारी अभिव्यक्ति पनि समेटिएको छ । तत्कालीन सामाजिक अवस्थालाई उनले भौतिकवादी द्वन्द्ववादका आधारमा चिनाएका छन् । उनका यी उपन्यास नेपाली समाजलाई जगाउन, बदल्न र विद्रोही तुल्याउन कोसेढुङ्गो बनेका छन् । उनका यी रचनालाई विभिन्न शैक्षिक तहका पाठ्यवस्तु तथा अध्ययन सामग्री पनि बनाइएको छ । उनको औपन्यासिक प्रवृत्तिबारे धेरै चर्चा भएका छन् । साथै प्रगतिशीलता खोजिएका छन् तर विद्रोह, वर्गीयता, उत्पादन शक्तिको पहिचान र वर्गद्वन्द्वको गहन विश्लेषणबाट प्रगतिवाद खोज्ने अनि नेपाली उपन्यासको इतिहासमा कोसेढुङ्गो मान्ने काम भएको देखिँदैन । यसैले प्रधानका उपन्यासको मूल वैचारिक धरातल नै प्रगतिवाद भएको र नेपाली उपन्यासमा उनी कोसेढुङ्गो बनेको निष्कर्ष निकाल्न यो लेख प्रयत्नशील रहेको छ ।
शिक्षण अभ्यास एक प्रयोगात्मक पाठ्यांश हो । यसले छात्र शिक्षकलाई कक्षामा सिकेको शिक्षणसँग सम्बन्धित सैद्धान्तिक ज्ञानलाई व्यवहारमा उतार्न मद्दत गर्दछ । सफल शिक्षक बन्न तथा प्रभावकारी शिक्षण गर्न व्यक्तिमा आवश्यक शैक्षिक योग्यताका साथ साथै यथार्थ शैक्षिक वातावरणको उपस्थिति पनि अपरिहार्य मानिन्छ । विषयको प्रकृतिअनुसार निर्धारित उद्देश्यअनुरूप उपयुक्त शैक्षिक सामग्री, शिक्षण सिकाई क्रियाकलाप तथा मूल्याङ्कन प्रक्रिया अवलम्बन गरेर शिक्षण गर्न शिक्षण अभ्यास प्रक्रिया अपरिहार्य मानिन्छ । वास्तविक शिक्षणमा जानु पूर्व नमुना शिक्षण एवं सूक्ष्म शिक्षण ÷ सहपाठी शिक्षण अभ्यास गरी सिकाइको तयारी गर्नु अपरीहार्य हुन्छ । सिकारुले सिकेका सैद्धान्तिक ज्ञानलाई व्यवहारीक र प्रयोगात्मक बनाउन शिक्षण अभ्यास आवश्यक हुन्छ । शिक्षण अभ्यास शिक्षाशास्त्र सङ्कायको मुटु नै हो । शिक्षण अभ्यास आवश्यक र अपरीहार्य भए तापनि यसको सञ्चालन र व्यवस्थापनमा प्रशस्त समस्याहरू देखिने गरेको छ । विद्यार्थी नियमित नहुने सूक्ष्म शिक्षणमा सक्रिय सहभागी र उपस्थित नहुने, पर्याप्त सामग्रीको अभाव हुने, सिलेवस तथा मूल्याङ्कनको मर्म अनुसार शिक्षण अभ्यास सञ्चालन नहुने तथा मूल्याङ्कन कार्य प्रभावकारी नहुने जस्ता समस्याहरू छन् । यस्ता समस्यालाई समाधान गरी शिक्षण अभ्यास कार्य प्रभावकारी बनाउन आवश्यक छ (थापा र सिलवाल, २०७६) ।
कथा मानव उदयसँगसँगै भएको हो यसको विकास पनि मानव विकास र उदयसँगै भएको मानिन्छ । यसको प्रयोग पनि मानवले आफ्नो जीवनका अनेक पक्षमा गर्दै आएको छ । यसरी मानवले प्रयोग गर्दै आएको कथा लिपिबद्ध भने धेरैपछि मात्र भएको देखिन्छ । कथालाई लिपिबद्ध गर्नको लागि कथाकारले केही न केही कथागत सामग्रीलाई समावेश गरेर कथाको रचना गरेका छन् । आजको समयसम्म आइपुग्दा कथाले ज्यादै ठुलो फड्को मरेको छ । यही फड्को सँगै कथा लेखनको लागि आवश्यक पर्ने उपकरणहरुको उपयोगविना कथा लेखन सम्भव देखिदैन । यिनै उपकरणहरुको मेलबाट नै कथा रचना गरिएको हुन्छ । प्रस्तुत लेखमा कथाका उपकरणहरुको अध्यया विश्लेषण गर्नु नै प्रमुख उद्देश्य रहेको छ । पुस्तकालयीय अध्ययन प्रक्रियाबाट सामग्रीहरु सङ्कलन गरी विश्लेषणत्मक विधिको प्रयोग गरिएको छ ।
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नेपालको लोकतान्त्रिक आन्दोलनमा महिला सहभागिता
नेपाल विभिन्न सास्कृतिक र सामाजिक मूल्य मान्यताले भरिपूर्ण देश हो । वि.सं. १९०३ देखि २००७ सालसम्म राणाको शासन र त्यसपछिको अवधिमा शाह वंशीय राजाको शासन शैली निकै संघर्ष र उतारका कारण २०४६ सालको जनआन्दोलनले सम्बैधानिक राजतन्त्रमा स्थापित ग¥यो । यो आन्दोलनमा महिला वर्गको प्रत्यक्ष सहभागिताले राज्यका नागरिकमा लोकतान्त्रिक अधिकारको विजारोपण भयो । महिलाको राजनीतिक सहभागिता र संलग्नताले २०४६ सालको आन्दोलन निष्कर्षमामात्र पुग्न सकेन यसले महिला सशक्तिको प्रभावलाई विश्वव्यापी बनाउन सफल भयो । महिलाको राजनीतिक सहभागिताले लोकतान्त्रिक प्रकृयामा समावेशिकरणलाई बढाउने काम ग¥यो । नेपाली महिलाले समाज परिवर्तन र विकासका लागि विभिन्न क्षेत्रबाट विशेष गरी महिलाको समानता र अधिकार लागि रगरेका साहसिक कार्य जनता सामु प्रष्ट नै छन् । साहसी र संघर्षशिल महिलाका कारण नेपाली महिलाले सम्मनपूर्वक बाँच्न पाउने र स्वतन्त्रताको प्रत्याभूति गर्न पाउने वातावरण सिर्जना भएको हो । एकतन्त्रीय राणाशासनको विरुद्ध र महिलामाथि भएको विभिन्न प्रकारको शोषण, अन्याय र अत्याचारको विरुद्धमा थुप्रै महिलाले आफ्नो जीवनको आहुती समेत दिए । प्रजातान्त्रको स्थापना पछि नेपाली महिला राजनीतिक, सामाजिक, आर्थिक, शैक्षिक, साहित्य लगायतका क्षेत्रमा सकृय बने र २००७ सालको क्रान्ती होस वा २०४६ र २०६२ को महिला वर्गको सकृय सहभागिता नरहेको भए नेपालमा लोकतन्त्रको स्थापना हुन सक्ने थिएन । महिलाको अथक प्रयास र समाजको विभिन्न क्षेत्रमा र सुधार भएकाले लोकतान्त्रिक आन्दोलनमा महिला सहभागिताको परिणामको रुपमा लिन सकिन्छ । नेपालको प्रत्येक लोकतान्त्रिक आन्दोलनमा महिला वर्गको भूमिका उच्च रुपमा लिन सकिन्छ । यस अध्ययनको उद्देश्य नेपालको प्रजातान्त्रिक आन्दोलनबाट प्राप्त उपलब्धिको विश्लेषण गर्नु हो । आन्दोलनका यी सबै अवस्था र अभियानलाई नियाल्दा महिलाहरु संगठन निर्माण र आन्दोलनको हरेक मोर्चामा अग्रणी भूमिका निर्वाह गर्दै आउनु भएको हो ।
नेपाली शिक्षाका विद्यार्थीको आलोचनात्मक लेखनका प्रभावक तत्त्व: एक न्यारेटिभ खोज
प्रस्तुत लेख नेपाली भाषा शिक्षाका विद्यार्थीको आलोचनात्मक लेखनमा पार्ने प्रभावक तत्त्वको विश्लेषण गर्ने विषयमा केन्द्रित छ । नेपाली भाषा शिक्षाका विद्यार्थीको आलोचनात्मक चेतको विकास तथा सोसम्बन्धी अभ्यासले आलोचनात्मक सोचाइ, पठन र लेखनसम्मका गतिविधिमा पार्ने प्रभावक तत्त्वलाई न्यारेटिभ खोजका आधारमा विश्लेषण गर्नु यस लेखको उद्देश्य हो । आलोचनात्मक अनुसन्धानको प्रतिमान तथा न्यारेटिभ खोजको ढाँचामा आधारित प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा अन्तर्वार्ता विधिका माध्यमले तथ्याङ्क सङ्कलन गरिएको तथा आलोचनात्मक चेतको अनुभव र विकास, शिक्षक विद्यार्थी अन्तरक्रिया, सामाजिक सांस्कृतिक सन्दर्भ, सहभागीको शक्ति सम्बन्ध (अधिकार, आवाज र विषय) जस्ता थिमहरूमा आधारित भई विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । उक्त ढाँचामा अध्ययन गर्दा भाषा शिक्षाको कक्षाकोठामा प्रयोग भएको भाषाले शक्तिशाली भूमिका खेल्ने, शिक्षकको नियन्त्रणमा विषयवस्तु, शीर्षक चयन, गतिविधि तथा क्रियाकलाप निर्धारण, निष्कर्ष निर्माण, हरेक कुराको व्याख्या, वर्णन तथा मूल्याङ्कनमा पनि शिक्षकको नै आग्रहपूर्ण भूमिका रहने भएकाले विद्यार्थीको आलोचनात्मक लेखाइमा प्रभाव पर्दछ । विद्यार्थीको सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक सम्बन्ध तथा शिक्षक विद्यार्थी अन्तरक्रियाले पनि आलोचनात्मक लेखाइमा प्रभाव पार्दछ । विद्यार्थीको भाषिक, सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक शक्तिको भूमिकाका कारण क्रियाकलापमा पनि वर्गीय तथा पहिचानविशेष प्रभाव पर्दछ । वस्तुतः विद्यार्थीले आफ्नो दृष्टिकोणभन्दा साझा दृष्टिकोणमा विश्वास गर्नुपर्ने भएकाले उनीहरूको आलोचनात्मक सोचाइ, पठन तथा लेखाइसमेतलाई प्रभाव पर्ने निष्कर्ष देखिन्छ । उक्त किसिमको प्रभावक तत्त्वको अध्ययन गरी भाषा शिक्षाका विद्यार्थीको आलोचनात्मक लेखाइ सिपको विकासमा भूमिका खेल्नका लागि प्रस्तुत लेखको उपयोगिता रहेको देखिन्छ ।
'कृतासा' कविता सङ्ग्रहमा अभिव्यक्त यथार्थता
तारा पाण्डेबाट लेखिएको कृतासा कविता सँगालोमा समसामयिक यथार्थका विविध पक्ष समेटिएका छन् । यथार्थको अध्ययनलाई मुख्य विषय बनाएको यस लेखले देशप्रेम, सामाजिक नीति चेतना ,सामाजिक परिवेश, सामाजिक आर्थिक अवस्था, संस्कृति, राजनीति, शिक्षा नीति, कर्तव्य र मनोभावजस्ता विषयलाई काव्यमा मुख्य विषय बनाएर तथ्यमा आधारति बनाएर प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । कुटनीति, भौतिक उन्नति र त्रास, मानवीय भाव, धार्मिक र जैविक यथार्थता जस्ता विषय काव्यमा मुख्य विषय भएर आएका छन् । यी विषयलाई उद्देश्य बनाएर प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । उपर्युक्त तथ्यलाई कविता सङ्ग्रहमा समेटिएकोले यथार्थ भाव सम्प्रेषण गर्न कविता सङ्ग्रहमा समेटिएका कविता सफल देखिएका छन् । यथार्थता प्रस्तुतिका दृष्टिले कविता सङ्ग्रहका कविता सामयिक, सान्दर्भिक र औचित्यपूर्ण हुन पुगेका छन् ।
स्नातक तहको अनुसन्धान विधि पाठ्यांश प्रति शिक्षकको दृष्टिकोण
प्रस्तुत लेखमा त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालय शिक्षाशास्त्र सङ्कायअन्तर्गत सञ्चालित चार बर्से बि. एड्को पाठ्यांश (२०७५) को संरचनाअनुसार नेपाली शिक्षा विशिष्टीकरणका पाठ्यांशमध्ये अनुसन्धान विधि (ने.पा.शि. ४४५) मा केन्द्रित भएर यस विषयप्रति शिक्षकको दृष्टिकोण पत्ता लगाउने उद्देश्यले तयार पारिएको हो । यसमा उपत्यकाभित्र र बाहिरका आङ्गिक र सामुदायिक क्याम्पसमा स्नातक र स्नातकोत्तर तहमा प्राध्यापन गर्ने २० जना शिक्षकलाई मात्र नमुनाको रूपमा लिएको छ । यो पाठ्यांशप्रति शिक्षकको धारणा पहिचान गरी यस पाठ्यांशको सैद्धान्तिक र कार्यान्वयन अवस्था जानकारी गराउनु यस अध्ययनको मुख्य समस्या हो । यसमा पोस्टपोजिटिभ प्याराडाइम ढाँचामा आबद्ध रही अर्धसंरचनात्मक प्रकृतिका केही बन्द प्रश्नावली निर्माण गरी स्थलगत भ्रमण र केही टेलिफोनमा अन्तर्वार्ता विधिको प्रयोग गरी तथ्याङ्क सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनको प्राप्तिअनुसार यो विषय समय सान्दर्भिक छ भन्ने धारणामा सबै भन्दा धेरै १०० प्रतिशत अभिमत प्राप्त भएको छ । कक्षाकोठामा विद्यार्थीको सिकाइ क्रियाकलापमा सहभागिताप्रति केही सन्तुष्ट छु भन्ने धारणामा पनि १०० प्रतिशत अभिमत प्राप्त भएको छ। पाठ्यांशमा उल्लेखित सन्दर्भ पुस्तक केही प्राप्य छन् भन्ने धारणामा ९० प्रतिशत अभिमत परेको छ। । अध्ययनपत्र मूल्याङ्कन अङ्कभारप्रतिको धारणा लिँदा केही उपयुक्त छ भन्ने धारणामा ५० प्रतिशत अभिमत परेको छ भने अनुपयुक्त छ भन्नेमा २० प्रतिशत अभिमत परेको छ। । अन्य धारणालाई हेर्दा धेरैजसो मध्यम र केही उपयुक्त छ भन्नेमा अभिमत देखिएको छ । पाठ्यक्रमलाई बाटो देखाउने गाइडको रूपमा लिने भएकाले समय सान्दर्भिक मानिएको अनुसन्धान विधि पाठ्यांशमा कमजोर देखिएका पक्षलाई समेटी केही परिमार्जन गर्नुपर्ने देखिएको छ । पाठ्यांश निर्माण कार्यमा संलग्न विषयविज्ञ तथा सरोकारवालालाई यस अध्ययनले सहयोग पुग्ने देखिएको छ ।