Traditional communication systems in Nepal: Functions, types, and challenges in the digital age

Abstract

Traditional communication systems in Nepal have long served as vital mediums for information dissemination, cultural preservation, and social cohesion. They have been operating independently of modern mass media systems such as radio, television, newspapers, and the internet. This paper explores the diverse and culturally rooted methods of communication across Nepal’s multiethnic and geographically diverse communities. Through qualitative analysis, the paper examines key traditional practices such as oral tradition (storytelling, chanting, singing, Katuwal, etc.), instrumental music (PancheBājā, conch shell blowing, horn and Ghantā sounding, etc.), visual communication and symbolic messaging systems like Paubha (religious scrolls, Thānka), performing arts (Sorathi, Ghātu, etc.), postal service, inscriptions and manuscripts. Furthermore, the paper sheds light on the role of social gatherings (Rodhi, Pandherā, Parma, Chautāri conversations, etc.), and religious activities in facilitating public communication. However, with urbanization and technological advancements, many of these systems are declining, risking the erosion of Nepal's traditional communication systems with their rich intangible cultural heritage. The paper argues for the documentation, revitalization, and practice of these traditional methods as part of Nepal’s cultural sustainability efforts. By projecting these practices within broader discourses on traditional communication systems, this study underscores the values of these traditional methods as tools for culture-friendly community-based communication in Nepal.