“Is Concrete Solution for Adobe Architecture? The Case of Lomanthang_ Mustang”

Abstract

The Kingdom of Lo (Upper Mustang), located beyond the Dhaulagiri range in Nepal, is one of the most significant historic settlements of the Himalayas. Lo Manthang, the walled capital founded in the 15th century, remains an outstanding example of Himalaya vernacular architecture, with its rammed earth walls, adobe dwellings, palaces, monasteries, and chörtens. Historically, the region was a crucial corridor for trans-Himalayan trade with Tibet, shaping its cultural and economic identity. For centuries, isolation preserved its architectural authenticity and cultural traditions. In recent decades, however, modernization, tourism, and the introduction of road linkages have accelerated physical and cultural change. The increasing use of cement and concrete in conservation and new construction poses a serious threat to the structural integrity and authenticity of these adobe buildings. This study therefore investigates whether concrete is a viable material for conservation in Lo Manthang, using a qualitative methodology based on literature review, comparative case studies, and international charters. Guided by the Nara Document on Authenticity (1994) and Preservation Brief 5, the findings indicate that cement is unsuitable for adobe preservation due to its incompatibility with earthen structures, poor thermal performance, and symbolic detachment from traditional practices. Instead, the study emphasizes the use of vernacular materials—such as mud, lime, and timber—combined with traditional techniques to maintain authenticity and resilience. The research concludes that sustainable conservation requires not only technical interventions but also awareness programs, community training, and strict regulatory frameworks. Preserving Lo’s heritage demands aligning traditional wisdom with modern conservation principles to safeguard its unique identity for future generations.