The Iconographic Forms of Vajrayoginī Deity in the Nepāla Maṇḍala

Abstract

This paper explores the deity Vajrayoginī in Nepāla Maṇḍala, highlighting her various iconographic forms and her religious importance within Newar Vajrayāna Buddhism. Vajrayoginī, regarded as the Sarba Buddha Ḍākinī and embodiment of prajñā (wisdom), holds a central position in esoteric Buddhist practice. The research identifies and analyzes the distinct forms of Vajrayoginī, including Nairātmā Guheśvarī, Vajrayoginī of Pharping, Khadgayoginī of Sānkhu, Ākāśyoginī Vijeśvarī, Vajravārāhī and Vajradevī. Each manifestation reflects specific doctrinal attributes, ritual functions, and historical developments within Newār Buddhism. The study reveals that Vajrayoginī’s iconography symbolizes key Vajrayāna concepts such as śūnyatā (wisdom or emptiness) and transformation. By exploring textual sources, iconographic analysis, and field studies, this research underscores Vajrayoginī’s role in sustaining Newār Buddhist identity. The findings highlight how her esoteric symbolism and ritual practices contribute to the lived experience of practitioners, ensuring the continuity of the tradition. This study enriches the academic discourse on Vajrayāna Buddhism by providing a comprehensive examination of Vajrayoginī’s presence in the historical and contemporary religious landscape of Nepāla Maṇḍala.