Proximate analysis, phytochemical Properties, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Properties, and pH-Responsive Colorimetric Behavior of Pyracantha crenulata (Ghangaru) Fruit Juice Extract.

Abstract

Pyracantha crenulata (Ghangaru), a perennial evergreen shrub native to the Himalayan region, produces nutrient-rich berries traditionally consumed for food and medicine but remains under-explored in scientific and commercial applications. This study examined the nutritional composition, phytochemical profile, antioxidant, antimicrobial activities, and pH-responsive properties of P. crenulata fruit juice. The fruit showed high moisture content (75.13%), and measurable levels of protein (0.47%), carbohydrate (1.82%), and fat (0.51%). Phytochemical analysis revealed substantial total phenolic content (25.05 mg GAE/mL) and flavonoid content (21.01 mg QE/mL). The extract demonstrated strong antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ of 35.74 µg/mL and significant antimicrobial activity, particularly against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of phenolic and flavonoid functional groups. The extract showed distinct pH responsive color transitions from pinkish red to brown across acidic to alkaline ranges, highlighting its potential as a natural pH indicator. These findings establish P. crenulata as a rich source of bioactive compounds with notable antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacy, as well as promising applications in nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and intelligent food packaging. Promoting its utilization could support both scientific advancement and economic opportunities for Himalayan communities.