The Journal of Musikot Campus is published by Musikot Khalanga Multiple Campus, Rukum (West), Nepal. It aims to foster multidisciplinary research and scholar work that addresses key socio-economic, educational, and cultural challenges in Nepal, particularly focusing on rural and underserved regions like West Rukum.
The Influence of Economic, Social, and Environmental Factors on Household Food Security
The aim of this study to explore the determinants of food security, focusing on the variables that influence households' access to adequate and nutritious food. A deductive strategy and descriptive and causal-comparative study design were utilized. Non-probability convenience sampling technique was utilized for data collection among 385 members of households of Rolpa District, Nepal. Descriptive analysis was utilized for assessing the central tendencies of variables based on data from Likert scale surveys with a majority base. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression models were utilized for conceptualizing the determinants of food security. The results showed that income, employment status, access to financial services, education, gender dynamics, climate conditions, land access, and agricultural productivity all have a positive and significant impact on food security. In contrast, household size was found to have a negative and significant impact on food security. And it was also found that the independent variables explained about 73.50 percent of food security variation. This study concludes that economic, social, and environmental factors are powerful tools for bringing effective positive changes to the food security of the households. Understanding these determinants in crucial for policymakers and development practitioners working to enhance food security across different regions.
Internal and External Assessment Analysis of Math, English and Local Curriculum
This study aims to analyze the achievement of grade eight students in community schools within Musikot Municipality according to the type of assessment (internal and external) based on the grades obtained in the final examination. The study uses a descriptive and comparative research design. The data collection is based on the results of the final examination of grade eight students held in the 2081 academic session, which includes English, Mathematics and the local curriculum 'Musikot Serofero'. The data has been pre-processed in MS Excel and analyzed using SPSS 25 software. A high proportion of A+ and A grades is seen in internal assessment, while C and D grades are more visible in external assessment, which is an indicator of grade inflation. Thematic analysis shows that the poor performance of students in Mathematics is evident in external assessment, while weaknesses in writing and comprehension are also seen in English. Although the overall performance in the local curriculum is positive, there is a need for improvement in the depth of the subject. The study provides practical recommendations for policymaking in education by highlighting the fairness, reliability and need for improvement of the assessment system.
Exploring Key Factors Shaping Curriculum Development: A Nepali Perspective
Curriculum development is a complex and dynamic process influenced by multiple factors including philosophy, psychology, socio-cultural context, and the nature of knowledge required by contemporary society. This article explores these broad influences in the context of Nepal’s educational system, highlighting how philosophical traditions such as perennialism, essentialism, progressivism, and others shape curricular aims and content. Psychological considerations emphasize learner needs and developmental readiness, while socio-cultural factors ensure relevance and inclusiveness in a diverse society. The evolving demands of knowledge further necessitate continuous curricular adaptations to meet global and local challenges. Understanding these interrelated factors provides critical insights for policymakers and educators aiming to design effective, responsive curricula that address both individual and societal educational goals in Nepal.
Review of Eastern Self-Awareness and Western Mental Structure in Mathematics Teaching
Mathematics education is traditionally viewed as a domain of numerical computation and logical reasoning. However, this study reviewing the philosophical perspective by exploring mathematics as an integrative process involving cognition, emotion, self-awareness, and spirituality. Focusing on Eastern philosophical traditions—such as the Yoga Sutras, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, and the works of Sri Aurobindo and Western psychological theories by Vygotsky, Flavell, Damasio, Hofstadter, and Jung, the study adopts a qualitative and comparative approach through literature review and philosophical analysis. The findings reveal that Eastern perspectives emphasize mindfulness, self-realization, and inner consciousness as foundational to deep mathematical understanding, while Western frameworks highlight social interaction, metacognition, and emotional regulation as essential learning processes. This synthesis advocates for a holistic mathematics education that nurtures intellectual, emotional, cultural, and spiritual development, enabling students to engage with mathematics as a meaningful and transformative human experience.
Analyzing the Historical Evolution and Trends of Language Teacher Development: A Thematic Review
Language teacher development (LTD) is an indispensable facet of language teacher professional development. Language teaching is enhanced through the development of language teachers. Teacher development is a crucial part of effective language teaching. This paper critically analyses the historical evolution and trends of language teacher development utilizing the thematic review as a key research method. I reviewed the papers systematically with the help of Google scholar database on teacher development focusing on the evolution and practices in teacher education. I found that the scope of teacher education is not as much focused as of language teaching, though teacher education is one important facet of language teaching and professional growth of a language teacher. Additionally, this research revealed that the study of historical evolution of TD received no or very little attention by the researchers. Despite the rich history and the trends of teacher development, it is not is not well-documented. This present study attempted to fill some of its gaps directing the further researchers to explore more on language teacher development in general and language teacher evolution in particular.
Knowledge and Attitude of Sexuality Education in University Level Students
As Nepal gradually integrates sexuality education into its formal school curriculum, understanding university students' knowledge and attitudes toward sex education is critical. Despite existing reforms, gaps remain in the delivery and reception of sexuality education at higher education levels. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and explore the attitudes of university-level students toward sexuality education in the Nepali context. A descriptive quantitative design was used to conduct a census-based study among 60 Bachelor’s and Master’s level Health Education (HPE) students at the Central Campus of Education, Mid-Western University. Structured questionnaires and interview schedules were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were used to analyze student responses regarding knowledge and attitudes toward sexuality education. The study found that 96.67% of respondents were knowledgeable about sexuality education, with textbooks (61.67%) being the primary source of information. A majority understood the importance of sex education and were interested in learning more, particularly in behavioral and problem-solving aspects. Although 53.3% believed that teachers should teach students of the same gender, most rejected traditional taboos and misconceptions, such as equating sex education with pornography or considering sex a private matter. Attitudes toward harmful practices like Chhaugoth were also largely negative, indicating shifting norms. The findings suggest growing awareness and a positive shift in attitudes toward sex education among Nepali university students. However, cultural sensitivities, gender norms, and uneven knowledge of sexuality subtopics reveal the need for improved, inclusive, and culturally appropriate sex education programs. Structured teacher training and curriculum enhancements are recommended to address these gaps and support holistic adolescent development.
Dalla as a Model of Sustainable Community Based Home-stay in Madhuvan, Bardiya
This paper tries to exploration of Dalla as a model of sustainable community-based home stay. The main objective is Dalla homestay as a successful model of community-based tourism that offers a unique and authentic cultural experience while promoting cultural preservation and environmental conservation of Madhuban Municipality -1, Suryapatwa, Bardiya district. Fieldwork methods, including direct observation, interviews were utilized to gather data. The Dalla home stay is a successful model of community-based tourism, providing an authentic immersion into Tharu culture while prioritizing environmental conservation. This initiative significantly contributes to women empowerment, with women playing crucial roles in its operation and benefiting economically. Guests are accommodated in traditional Tharu-style mud houses, offering a unique cultural experience. The home stay's proximity to Bardiya National Park enhances its appeal for wildlife enthusiasts. A study assessing its sustainability found general agreement among stakeholders, highlighting the importance of guest satisfaction, community cooperation, and management efforts. Most respondents have only primary education, earn NPR 10,000 20,000/month, and show high environmental awareness across both genders. Recommendations for its continued success include public sector support in infrastructure and policy, private sector involvement in service improvement, and financial sector provisions for home stay operators. The Dalla homestay demonstrates a valuable and sustainable approach to tourism in Nepal.
The Influence of Training and Development on Employee Performance: A Study of Co-operatives in Surkhet
The aim of this study is to examine the influence of training and development on employee performance. Employee performance is a dependent variable, while training (identifying training requirements, choosing trainees, and designing training program) is considered an independent variable. Surveys and questionnaires served as primary data collection methods for the article. The statistical sample for this research was drawn from cooperative organizations in the Surkhet District. A total of 325 employees participated in this survey, completing a self-administered questionnaire distributed via convenience sampling. Regression and descriptive analysis were conducted on the data using the statistical program SPSS 25. The impact of each independent variable on overall employee performance was examined through the development of three hypotheses. Employee performance, particularly in cooperative organizations, is significantly impacted by the design of training courses and the selection of trainees. Similarly, training needs identification plays a significant role in employee performance in cooperative organizations. The findings also suggest a connection between workers' job performance and efficient training. Training courses motivate employees to enhance their performance and skills, boosting organizational productivity. As a result, organizational requirements and goals should guide training design. Practical training is a deliberate intervention created to achieve the knowledge required for enhanced worker productivity. The study highlights the potential for training programs to enhance job satisfaction, commitment, and collective empowerment among employees. Organizations should prioritize well-structured training initiatives aligned with their strategic objectives to maximize employee performance and productivity.
Integrated Curriculum in Nepal: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions
This study explores the concept and implementation of integrated curriculum design, with a specific focus on Nepal’s basic education system. Drawing upon global models of curriculum integration—ranging from disciplinary to transdisciplinary approaches—it examines how interdisciplinary methods enhance real-world learning, critical thinking, and 21st-century competencies. Using a qualitative document analysis approach, the research investigates national curriculum policies, including the National Curriculum Framework 2019 and the integrated curriculum implemented in Grades 1–3 in Nepal. The findings highlight the potential of integrated curriculum to improve student engagement, foster meaningful connections across subjects, and support holistic development. However, challenges persist, such as insufficient teacher preparation, limited higher-order cognitive engagement, and inequitable distribution of content. The study concludes that effective integration requires robust teacher training, flexible curriculum design, and a shift from teacher-cantered practices to learner-cantered methodologies. Recommendations are provided for policymakers and educators to address these gaps and to promote an educational environment that supports innovation, relevance, and student empowerment.
Harmonizing Confucianism in Nepali Education System: A Thematic Review
The integration of Confucian progressive educational principles into the Nepali educational landscape is a topic of growing interest lately. This thematic review critically explores the necessity and effectiveness of integrating Confucian educational values to harmonize the Nepali education system. I utilized Systematic Literature Review (SLR) as a research method for collecting relevant papers available on the Google Scholar for the study. Scholarly papers (n=11) on Confucian philosophy and education were systematically selected, using the certain key words like “Confucianism”, “Confucius education principles” & “Nepali education system”. The papers were then reviewed and synthesized against the research questions. The study focused on how Confucianism can be effectively integrated in Nepali education system and what could be the potential benefits of adopting this philosophy in Nepali education system. The findings of the study revealed that incorporation of Confucian progressive value-based educational principles along with Western centric academic knowledge would harmonize Nepali educational landscape. The dynamic interplay between moral education and academic knowledge would enable for holistic development of the individuals. Additionally, adaptation of Confucian curriculum, pedagogy and cross-cultural understanding would be crucial strategies for harmonizing Confucianism in Nepalese education system. Just as China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam; Nepal can also make a significant progress both in social and education development in Nepal through adaptation of Confucian system. This study is significant because it encourages the educators, curriculum designers and policy makers to consider in adopting Confucian progressive value-based philosophy in Nepali education system.
Commodity Fetishism in Kazuo Ishiguro’s A Pale View of Hills
Kazuo Ishiguro’s A Pale View of Hills (1982), a Nobel Prize-winning novel, explores how human relationships become transactional, eroding genuine interpersonal and familial bonds. This study examines characters' alienation through Karl Marx’s critique of capitalist society and the concept of the commodification of human relations, illustrating how marriage and other personal connections shift from emotional to economic exchange. As relationships become entangled in consumer culture, cultural and personal identities are lost, leaving individuals traumatized in the aftermath of the Second World War. The characters Etsuko, Keiko, Sachiko, Mariko fail to form authentic relationships with other members due to the pervasive influence of western capitalist interactions, leading to alienation and, ultimately, the suicide of Keiko. Commodity fetishism weakens individuals and strengthens monetary value, giving additional importance to the exchange value. This vulnerability smashes the complete harmony of the social relations. This article argues that socio-economic pressures reshape personal and social connections, demonstrating that commodified relationships fracture individual and cultural identities in post-war Nagasaki of Japan. It infers the novel as a critique of capitalist society.
Development of Curriculum Concept and Gurukul Education System in Nepal
This study analyzes the structure, characteristics, and educational impact of the traditional Gurukul education system in Nepal and compares it with the modern curriculum. The main objective of this research, conducted through library research method, is to reconsider modern education in the context of Gurukul-based ethics, discipline, and spiritual education. According to the research results, the Guru-Shishya tradition of Gurukul is found to have special emphasis on holistic development, moral teaching, and spiritual discipline. The Gurukul curriculum was flexible, orally transmitted, and deeply related to religious and philosophical education. When compared to the modern curriculum, Gurukul education seems to have placed more emphasis on character building and life experience, while modern education seems to focus more on academic achievement and structured knowledge transmission. According to the conclusion of this study, incorporating the moral values, personal guidance, and spiritual practices of Gurukul education in modern education can be helpful in enhancing the quality of education and overall student development. More action research is needed on this topic, so that the original teaching tradition can be integrated into the modern curriculum.
Perspectives on Teacher Promotion in Nepal: Voices from Stakeholders and English Teachers
This study aims to investigate the provision of teacher promotion and explore how stakeholder and secondary level English teachers perceive it. I used narrative inquiry as a research design to collect and analyze the data. I used semi structured interview with five permanent English teachers, two participants from Education Development and Coordination Unit Dang, a participant from Ministry of Education Science and Technology, Singhdurbar and one participant from Teacher Service Commission, Bhaktapur. I transcribed the interview, coding and thematizing to draw the findings and conclusion. The findings of the study revealed that teacher promotion is necessary for quality education, motivation and teachers’ professional growth and development. The study also revealed that seniority has less impact on the teacher’ promotion as it is strongly depended on teacher’s performances including their academic degree. There are biases and technical errors so that a teacher cannot get their promotion for a long period of time. The quotas have not been added for long time affecting teachers’ promotion indirectly. It is hoped that this study will provide a better understanding of teacher promotion in general and in Nepal in particular.
The Role of Technology in Transforming Classroom Instruction: Teacher's perspective
This research is focused in how technology has significantly transformed classroom education. Technology integration has transformed conventional teaching strategies and given teachers and students new options to improve educational prospects. This research has been focused on the role of technology in transforming classroom instruction from teachers' perspectives in the context of the Dailekh district. The main purpose of this research is to explore teachers' perceptions regarding the role of technology in transforming classroom instruction and find out the major challenges regarding the use of technology in classroom instructions. This article has been prepared by using the in-depth interview under the qualitative research design. Six teachers were selected from three schools of Dailekh district by employing purposive sampling. The research highlights the advantages of use of technology in the classroom, including improved engagement, individualized instruction, access to a wealth of learning materials, and the development of crucial 21st-century skills. It also looks at potential obstacles and factors, like as infrastructure needs, teacher preparation, access of relabel internet and the technology integration. This study tries to finding the perception of teachers in classroom transformation through use of technology. All respondents were agreed in positive effects of using technology in classroom transforming
The influence of Orientalism on the curriculum of higher Education
Eastern philosophy is a very traditionalist philosophy. Eastern philosophies are Hindu, Buddhist, Charvaka, Jain, Himalayan and Tibetan philosophies. In today's time, it is mandatory to study Eastern Philosophy. Which shows the terrible situation that will come tomorrow in human behavior. Studying Eastern philosophy means assessing the situation that will appear in tomorrow's society. What is the impact of Eastern philosophy on the curriculum of higher education? What is the opinion of the stakeholders regarding Eastern philosophy? Why is it necessary to implement Eastern philosophy in higher education curriculum? Such problems have been investigated. This study is limited to professors teaching at the campus level, students and parents. The study uses tools such as unstructured interview questionnaires, classroom observation forms, and focus group discussions. The data has been analyzed using a qualitative method. Convenient, circular and purposeful sample selection methods have been used in the study. A small part is included. The perspective of teachers and students who are teaching and studying Eastern philosophy has been influenced by Eastern philosophy. Eastern philosophy should be implemented from school level to higher education. Which has brought negativity in human behavior. Since Eastern philosophy is a religion-based idea, its influence has been on human behavior. Eastern philosophies have a huge influence on the intellectual, emotional, spiritual and physical aspects of people today. Due to the Eastern philosophy, prayers are being performed in houses, temples and religious places. Humility, positive thinking, respect for elders and love for children have been developed in the students. They have morals, discipline, duty and faith in God. Students from poor families are leaving their inclination towards traditional Hinduism and are increasingly leaning towards other religions. Stakeholders should include a compulsory curriculum of Eastern philosophy in secondary and higher education.
Cognitive, Motivational, and Pedagogical Factors Influencing Effective Teaching and Learning in Math Education
This action research investigates the effectiveness of pedagogical interventions in enhancing the teaching and learning of trigonometry among fourth-semester Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) students at Mid-Western University. Recognizing the abstract nature and practical importance of trigonometry, the study sought to address persistent challenges faced by students, including conceptual confusion, lack of engagement, and poor academic performance. The research was conducted using a cyclical action research framework encompassing three phases: identification, planning, and implementation. Initial diagnostic assessments revealed significant gaps in students’ understanding of trigonometric identities, graphs, and applications. In response, a series of interventions were implemented, including active learning strategies, formative assessments, visual teaching aids, and repetition of key lessons. Data were collected through pre- and post-tests, classroom observations, student feedback, and teacher reflection journals. Post-intervention results demonstrated substantial improvements in students’ academic performance, conceptual clarity, and classroom participation. The findings support the application of constructivist, feedback-oriented, and student-centered pedagogies in mathematics education. The study concludes that systematic, reflective, and evidence-based teaching strategies can significantly improve trigonometry instruction at the higher education level. Moreover, the action research approach facilitated professional growth for the instructor and fostered a more responsive learning environment. This study offers practical insights for mathematics educators and institutions seeking to improve learning outcomes in abstract mathematical domains
Students’ Perceptions of Collaborative Learning and its Impact on Academic Achievement
This descriptive survey research explores students’ perceptions of collaborative learning and its impact on academic achievement. The objective of the study is to examine students' views on collaborative learning practices, identify commonly used collaborative techniques in the classroom, and assess the perceived impact of these methods on their academic performance. The study was conducted among 70 Grade 12 students from three institutional schools in Rupandehi district, Nepal. Data were collected using a structured and adapted questionnaire, administered to participants selected through random sampling. The findings reveal that students hold a generally positive perception of collaborative learning, recognizing it as a method that fosters a supportive, interactive, and engaging educational environment. Students highlighted increased motivation, better peer communication, enhanced critical thinking, and improved academic performance as key outcomes of collaborative learning. Moreover, the results suggest that when teachers effectively implement collaborative strategies—such as group discussions, peer feedback, and cooperative projects—students tend to participate more actively and achieve deeper understanding of the subject matter. These findings underscore the pedagogical value of collaborative learning and imply that its systematic integration into classroom instruction can play a significant role in enhancing students' academic achievement. The study recommends that educators and institutions consider adopting collaborative approaches more intentionally to improve learning outcomes and foster academic growth.
जुम्ली भाषाको कालगत करण अकरण व्यवस्थाको शैक्षणिक उपयोग
जुम्ली भाषा कर्णाली प्रदेशको जुम्ला जिल्लामा बोलिने भाषा हो । जुम्ली भाषा कथ्यमा आधारित छ । यस भाषामा लिखित सामग्री, साहित्यिक सिर्जना छिटपुट बाहेक पाइदैन । जुम्ली भाषी विद्यार्थीहरुलाई नेपाली भाषा शिक्षणका सन्दर्भमा नेपाली भाषाको संरचनाले शिक्षण सिकाइमा पार्ने असरका सम्बन्धमा भाषा शिक्षण र भाषिक व्यवस्थाको अध्ययन गरिएको छ । भाषा समाज, समुदायको सम्पत्ति हो । भाषाको व्याकरणिक कोटि करण अकरणका आधारमा जुम्ली भाषाको व्यवस्थाका सम्बन्धमा यस लेखमा अध्ययन गरिएको छ । जुम्ली भाषाको करण अकरण व्यवस्थाको अध्ययन गर्दा नेपाली भाषामा रहेका करण अकरण व्यवस्थालाई तुलनात्मक रूपमा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । जुम्ली भाषामा कालगत करण अकरण व्यवस्था कस्तो छ ? जुम्ली भाषामा रहेको कालगत करण अकरण व्यवस्था र नेपाली भाषामा रहेकोकरण अकरण व्यवस्थाबीच के कस्तो समानता र भिन्नता छ ? यस लेखका अनुसन्धानात्मक समस्या अनुसन्धेय प्रश्नहरू हुन् । जुम्ली भाषामा रहेको कालगत करण अकरण व्यवस्थाको अध्ययन गर्नु, जुम्ली भाषा र नेपाली भाषामा रहेको करण अकरण व्यवस्थाको तुलनात्मक अध्ययन गर्नु यस अनुसन्धानको उद्देश्य हो । प्रायोगिक भाषा विज्ञानमा आधारित भएर । क्षेत्रगत अध्ययन विधि प्रयोग गरी वर्णनात्मक विश्लेषणात्मक र तुलनात्मकता आधारमा विश्लेषण गरिएको यस लेखमा जुम्ली भाषामा कालगत वर्तमानकाल, भूतकाल र भविष्यतकालमा करण अकरण जनित शब्द, अकरण र सहायक क्रिया एवम् युगल अकरणमा देखिएको संरचना मौलिक प्रकृतिका छन् भने यी सकारात्मक एवम् नकारात्मक अर्थ प्रदान गर्ने व्याकरणिक कोटि नेपाली भाषाभन्दा फरक प्रकृतिका छन् । करण अकरण व्यवस्थामा जुम्ली र नेपाली भाषामा संरचनापरक भिन्नता छ । भाषिक कालगत व्यवस्था, करण अकरण व्यवस्था, जुम्ली र नेपाली भाषाबीचको समानता र असमानताको अध्ययनले जुम्ली र नेपाली भाषाको कालगत करण अकरण व्यवस्थामा भिन्नता छ ।
यस अध्ययनको मुख्य उद्देश्य नेपाली साहित्यको स्वच्छन्दतावादी–प्रगतिवादी धाराका विशिष्ट खण्डकाव्यकार सिद्धिचरण श्रेष्ठद्वारा रचित उर्वशी खण्डकाव्यको कथावस्तु, चरित्र, उद्देश्य, परिवेश, भाषाशैली तथा विचारात्मक द्धन्द्वको विश्लेषण गर्नु हो । यस अध्ययनले श्रेष्ठका खण्डकाव्यगत विशेषताहरू पहिचान गर्दै उर्वशी खण्डकाव्यलाई पौराणिक कथा र समकालीन चेतनाको समिश्रणका रूपमा हेर्न खोजेको छ । यसका लागि अध्ययनमा गुणात्मक एवं वर्णनात्मक अनुसन्धान विधिको प्रयोग गरिएको छ । आवश्यक सूचनाहरू पुस्तकालयीय स्रोतबाट संकलन गरी वस्तुगत विश्लेषण विधिबाट तथ्यहरू व्याख्या गरिएको छ । अध्ययनबाट प्राप्त प्रमुख निष्कर्ष अनुसार सिद्धिचरण श्रेष्ठका खण्डकाव्यहरूमा विषयगत, भावगत, पात्रगत र भाषाशैलीगत विविधता पाइन्छ । उर्वशी खण्डकाव्यमा अर्जुन र उर्वशीबीचको भोग र त्याग, राग र विरागको द्वन्द्वलाई शक्तिशाली विषयका रूपमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । पौराणिक कथामा आधारित भए तापनि यसमा समकालीन सामाजिक मूल्य र मानवतावादी दृष्टिकोण अभिव्यक्त गरिएको छ । अर्जुनको संयमी साधक चरित्र र उर्वशीको कामवासनापूर्ण मनोदशाको टकरावले नै खण्डकाव्यलाई द्वन्द्वप्रधान बनाएको छ । यस खण्डकाव्यमा जीवनलाई भोगभन्दा साधना र त्यागमार्फत अगाडि बढ्नुपर्ने सन्देश दिइएको पाइन्छ । भाषिक दृष्टिले खण्डकाव्यमा सरल, संगीतात्मक र छन्दबद्ध भाषा प्रयोग गरिएको छ, जसले पाठकलाई गहिरो अनुभूति गराउँछ ।
स्नातक तहको नेपाली पाठ्यक्रममा लैङ्गिक चेतना
प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानमूलक लेख मध्यपश्चिम विश्वविद्यालय ग्रयाजुयट स्कुल अफ एजुकेशनको स्नातक तह शिक्षा शास्त्र सङ्कायको नेपाली विषयको पाठ्यक्रममा रहेका रचनामा लैङ्गिक प्रतिनिधित्वको विश्लेषणमा केन्द्रित छ । गुणात्मक ढाँचाको अवलम्बन गरिएको यस अध्ययनमा पाठविश्लेषण पद्धतिलाई अपनाइएको छ । स्नातक तहको नेपाली पाठ्यक्रममा तोकिएका आख्यान र कविताकाव्य रचनाहरुको लैङ्गिक प्रतिनिधित्व र लैङ्गिक प्रतिरोधी चेतनाका पक्षबाट अध्ययन गरी पाठयसामग्रीको गहन पठनबाट सामग्री सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । अध्ययनपश्चात प्राप्त सामग्रीलाई तालिकीकरण गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा स्नातक तहको नेपाली विषयमा चयन गरिएका रचनामा रहेको लैङ्गिक चेतनाको अवस्थालाई लैङ्गिकताको सैद्धान्तिक मान्यताका आधारमा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यसमा लैङ्गिक प्रतिनिधित्व र समताको अवस्था, महिला र पुरुषले निर्वाह गर्ने परम्परागत भूमिका, लैङ्गिक उत्पीडनका विरुद्धको प्रतिरोध तथा सामाजिक न्यायका दृष्टिले पाठयव्रmममा रहेका पाठहरूको लैङ्गिक विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । पाठ्यक्रममा प्रतिनिधित्व, सन्तुलन र समन्वयका दृष्टिले बढी मात्रामा पुरुषपक्षीय भएको निष्कर्ष प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । यस अनुसन्धानमा लैङ्गिक संवेदना र पाठ्यक्रम तथा पाठ्यक्रममा रहेका पाठमा लैङ्गिक सन्तुलनको पक्ष समावेशी हुन नसकेको निष्कर्ष समेत प्रस्तुत अध्ययनबाट प्राप्त भएको छ ।
देउखुरी क्षेत्रका विद्यालयहरूमा कक्षा शिक्षण सुधारमा शिक्षण अभ्यासको भूमिका
यो अनुसन्धान लेखले देउखुरी क्षेत्रका विद्यालयहरूमा कक्षा शिक्षण सुधारमा शिक्षण अभ्यासले खेलेको भूमिकाको अध्ययन गर्दछ । शिक्षण अभ्यास शिक्षक शिक्षार्थीहरूको शैक्षिक सीप अभिवृद्धि गर्ने एउटा व्यवहारिक प्रक्रिया हो, जसको उद्देश्य कक्षा शिक्षण प्रणालीलाई प्रभावकारी बनाउनु हो । शिक्षार्थीहरूले कक्षा सञ्चालन, पाठ योजना निर्माण, प्रस्तुति, संवादकला र मूल्याङ्कनजस्ता शैक्षिक पक्षमा सुधार गर्न सकुन् भन्ने लक्ष्यसहित शिक्षण अभ्यास लागू गरिएको पाइन्छ । यस लेखमा विविध सैद्धान्तिक आधार, पूर्व अध्ययनको समीक्षाका साथै देउखुरीका विद्यालयहरूमा गरिएको प्रत्यक्ष अनुभव र अवलोकनका आधारमा शिक्षण अभ्यासको प्रभावको विश्‍लेषण गरिएको छ । अध्ययनबाट थाहा हुन्छ कि शिक्षण अभ्यासले शिक्षक शिक्षार्थीहरूमा आत्मविश्वास अभिवृद्धि, शिक्षण सामग्रीको उपयोग, कक्षाको वातावरण अनुकूल बनाउन सक्ने क्षमता विकास, तथा विद्यार्थी अभिमुखी शिक्षणमा अभ्यस्त गराउने कार्यमा उल्लेखनीय भूमिका खेलेको छ,तर अध्ययनले केही चुनौतीहरू पनि औंल्याएको छ, जस्तै पर्यवेक्षकको असमयिक तथा सतही अवलोकन, विद्यालय प्रशासनको पूर्ण सहयोग नहुनु, सीमित स्रोतसाधन र शिक्षार्थीहरूको अपर्याप्त पूर्वतयारी भएको पाइयो । शिक्षण अभ्यास कक्षा शिक्षण सुधारको एक महत्त्वपूर्ण साधन हो, जसको प्रभावकारिता अझ बढाउन शिक्षक, विद्यालय र क्याम्पस बीच सहकार्य र समन्वय आवश्यक छ ।
सामाजिक विकास मन्त्रालय, कर्णाली प्रदेशबाट प्रकाशित प्रतिवेदनमा भएका भाषिक त्रुटि
प्रस्तुत अध्ययन सामाजिक विकास मन्त्रालयबाट प्रकाशित प्रतिवेदन तथा सूचनामा (२०८०) प्रयुक्त वर्णविन्यासगत त्रुटिशीर्षकमा केन्द्रित रहेर तयार पारिएको छ । यस अध्ययनमा सामाजिक विकास मन्त्रालय कर्णाली प्रदेशबाट प्रकाशित प्रतिवेदनमा भएका भाषिक त्रुटिको पहिचान गर्नु, सामाजिक विकास मन्त्रालय कर्णाली प्रदेशबाट प्रकाशित प्रतिवेदनमा भाषिक त्रुटि हुने कारणको खोजी गर्नु जस्ता दुईवटा उद्देश्य रहेका छन् । प्रतिवेदन तथा सूचनामा भएका सामग्रीलाई समान सम्भावनायुक्त नमुना छनोट विधिअन्तर्गतको उद्देश्यपूर्ण नमुना छनोट विधिद्वारा नमुना जनसङ्ख्याका रूपमा छनोट गरी व्याख्या एवम् विश्लेषण गरिएको छ ।यसमा ह्रस्व र दीर्घ सम्बन्धी त्रुटि १९१ वटा अर्थात समग्र त्रुटिको ३८.५८ प्रतिशत रहेको छ । ब र व सम्बन्धी त्रुटि भने ५४ वटा अर्थात समग्र त्रुटिको १०.५९ प्रतिशत रहेको पाइन्छ । श, ष, स सम्बन्धी त्रुटि भने २७ वटा अर्थात समग्र त्रुटिको ५.४६ प्रतिशत रहेको छ । पञ्चम वर्णको प्रयोग सम्बन्धी ३५ वटा अर्थात समग्र त्रुटि ७.०४ प्रतिशत शब्दमा त्रुटि रहेका छन् । पदवियोग सम्बन्धी १७१ वटा अर्थात समग्र त्रुटिको ३४.४४ प्रतिशत शब्दमा त्रुटि रहेका छन् । जसबाट भाषिक त्रुटिको महत्त्व बुझेर सम्बन्धित पक्ष वा सरोकारवाला निकाय सचेत र सजग हुनुपर्ने, प्रतिवेदन तथा सूचनाको भाषिक सम्पादन गरेर मात्र प्रकाशन गर्नुपर्ने, प्रतिवेदन तथा सूचना तयार गर्ने व्यक्तिले शब्दकोशको प्रयोग गरेर मात्र सामाग्री प्रकाशन गर्ने बानीको विकास गर्नुपर्ने निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।
नेपाली स्थाननामहरूको प्रयुक्तिगत सान्दर्भिकता
स्थाननाम कुनै निश्चित ठाउँको भौगोलिक सूचना दिने नामसँग सम्बन्धि विषय हो । प्रस्तुत लेख नेपाली स्थाननामहरूका शाब्दिक अर्थ सङ्कलन गरी तिनका केही प्रख्यात ठाउँहरूको नामकरणमा प्रयुक्तिगत सान्दर्भिकताको खोजी गरिएको छ । यसमा मूलतः प्रत्यक्ष अन्तर्वार्ता र प्रत्यक्ष छलफल र द्घितीयक स्रोतका रूपमा पुस्तकालय विधिलाई लिएको छ । प्रस्तुत लेख नेपाली प्रचलित स्थाननामहरू, अधावधिक रूप, तिनमा देखिएका परिवर्तनको परिपाटी र कारण आदिको समयसापेक्ष प्रयुक्तिगत सान्दर्भिकतालाई वर्णांत्मक तथा विवरणात्मक ढाँचालाई लिएको छ । नेपाली स्थाननामहरूको क्षेत्रका विभिन्न जाति र तिनका भाषिक विशेषता, समाज, सस्कृति, पर्यावरण, भूगोल, जिविका उपार्जन, आदिबारेका विवरणहरूलाई शाब्दिक एवम् किंवदन्तीगत अर्थमा भाषातात्त्विक र अर्थतात्त्विक विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । नेपाली स्थाननामहरूको प्रयुक्ति परम्परागतदेखि मानव जनजिब्रोमा मौखिक उच्चारण हुँदै आएका स्थाननामको लेख्य रूपको विकासका साथै व्यवहारिक जनजिवीका लागि उपयोगीसिद्घ देखिन्छ ।
प्रस्तुत अध्ययन कथाकार महेशविक्रम शाहको सिपाहीकी स्वास्नी कथामा रहेको मानसिक चोटको विश्लेषणमा आधारित छ । नेपालको दश बर्से द्वन्द्वकालीन समयको विषयवस्तुमा लेखिएको सिपाहीकी स्वास्नी कथा सङ्ग्रहभित्रको एउटा कथा सिपाहीकी स्वास्नी कथाभित्र युद्धले पारेका मानसिक आघातहरू प्रस्ट्याउन खोजिएको छ । युद्धले सिपाही स्वास्नी कथाका पात्रहरूमा परेका अभिघातहरूलाई देखाई युद्धले सिपाहीका परिवारजनमा पारेको चोट प्रस्तुत गर्नु यस लेखको उद्देश्य रहेको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययन अभिघात सिद्धान्तका आधारमा पाठपरक विश्लेषणमा आधारित छ । पाठको विश्लेषणका लागि पुस्तकालयीय विधिको प्रयोग गरिएको छ । नेपालमा वि.सं. २०५२ देखि २०६२ सालसम्म सञ्चालन भएको दश बर्से द्वन्द्वका कारण सिपाहीका परिवार र आफन्तजन भयवित र त्रसित भएका छन् । युद्धले मानिसमा भय उत्पन्न गर्छ । त्यही भयका कारण युद्धमा होमिएका मानिसका आफन्तले मानसिक तनाव बेहोर्नु परेको छ । सिपाही दुर्गम स्थानमा सरुवा भई काम गर्दा उनको परिवारमा झनै कतिखेर के हुन्छ भन्ने आशङ्काले युद्धको त्रासदीयुक्त वातावरणलाई सिपाहीकी स्वास्नी कथाले देखाएको छ । युद्धका कारण सिपाहीका परिवारजनमा आशङ्का, तनाव, भय सिर्जना गरेको र उक्त भय सपनामा समेत देखा परेको अवस्थालाई प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ ।
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