Janajyoti Journal is a peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary journal published by Research Management Cell, Janajyoti Multiple Campus. It is an open access journal and welcomes research articles from varied disciplines including Education, English Language Teaching, English Literature, Psychology, Management, Population Education, Information Communication Technology, and Nepali Language and Literature.
Research Management Cell, Janajyoti Multiple Campus
AI-Driven Financial Analytics: Enhancing Forecast Accuracy, Risk Management, and Decision-Making in Corporate Finance
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in financial analytics has significantly enhanced corporate finance by improving forecasting accuracy, risk management, and decision-making efficiency. This study examines AI-driven financial analytics, focusing on its transformative role in corporate finance. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, incorporating predictive modeling, regression analysis, and AI impact assessments to analyze financial performance before and after AI implementation. The findings reveal that AI-driven forecasting models improve prediction accuracy by up to 92%, significantly outperforming traditional statistical methods. AI-based risk management systems enhance risk detection rates by 90%, mitigating financial losses more effectively. Additionally, AI-driven decision-making tools reduce processing time by 85%, enabling firms to make data-driven strategic decisions more rapidly. Statistical analysis confirms a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.396) between AI-driven forecasting and financial performance, while regression models indicate that AI-driven risk management (β = 1.246) has the strongest impact on corporate financial optimization. The study concludes that AI-driven financial analytics enhances corporate resilience, improves risk mitigation, and streamlines financial decision-making. It recommends that firms invest in AI-driven financial strategies, enhance data governance, and adopt regulatory-compliant AI frameworks to maximize financial performance.
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Challenges and Opportunities for Promoting Entrepreneurship and Youth Employment in Lalbandi Municipality, Nepal
Youth unemployment poses a critical socio-economic challenge in Nepal, with semi-urban municipalities like Lalbandi in Madhesh Province facing acute difficulties. Promoting entrepreneurship is increasingly recognized as a viable strategy for enhancing youth employment, yet several contextual barriers persist. This study aims to identify the primary challenges and opportunities associated with fostering entrepreneurship as a means to address youth unemployment in Lalbandi Municipality, with specific attention to gender, institutional, and socio-cultural dynamics. A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating quantitative data from structured questionnaires administered to 75 youth respondents and qualitative insights from interviews and focus group discussions involving 20 key stakeholders. Analyses focused on employment status, access to resources and support programs, socio-cultural perceptions, and institutional capacity. Quantitative findings indicate that a significant proportion of Lalbandi’s youth are either unemployed or engaged in informal employment, lacking access to financial services, vocational training, and government-led entrepreneurship schemes. Qualitative data highlight prevailing cultural barriers—especially for female youth—institutional limitations in program implementation, and low trust in public agencies. Nevertheless, promising opportunities are evident, including burgeoning digital entrepreneurship, agri-business potential, and mechanisms of cooperative-driven support. Many youth expressed readiness to engage in entrepreneurial activities, contingent upon improved access to resources and enabling support systems. The study underscores the necessity for locally tailored, youth-centered policy responses to promote entrepreneurship and employment. Key recommendations include expanding collateral-free lending, introducing practical and market-oriented vocational training, enhancing institutional outreach and responsiveness, fostering gender-sensitive environments, and integrating digital tools. These interventions could facilitate the unleashing of entrepreneurial potential among Lalbandi’s youth, thereby contributing to sustainable, community-driven development.
Transformation of Shopping Culture from Local Market to Department Stores in Lalbandi, Sarlahi
This study explores the cultural transformation in consumer shopping behavior in Lalbandi, Sarlahi, Nepal, focusing on the transition from traditional local markets to modern departmental stores such as City Department Store, Dali Mart, and Landmark Department Store. The primary objective is to identify the key factors influencing this shift, including product pricing, consumer income, product variety, and perceptions of quality and convenience. A structured questionnaire was administered to 100 individuals, of which 84 valid responses were analyzed. Respondents were categorized into four age groups: 15–25, 25–35, 35–45, and above 45. The findings reveal a strong preference for departmental stores, especially among younger and middle-income consumers, driven by the availability of diverse products under one roof, improved service quality, and shopping convenience. The study highlights the growing impact of retail modernization in semi-urban Nepal and provides valuable insights for retailers, policymakers, and planners aiming to enhance customer satisfaction and adapt to changing consumer expectations.
Loan Default Trends in Nepalese Microfinance Institutions
Microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Nepal have played a pivotal role in expanding financial access to underserved populations and promoting poverty alleviation. However, loan default rates are increased in recent years in MFIs, posing significant challenges to the financial sustainability and long-term effectiveness of these institutions. This study aims to analyze the evolving trends of loan defaults in Nepalese MFIs by contextualizing historical developments, identifying current challenges, and examining the key contributing factors. Drawing on theoretical frameworks of loan default behavior and an extensive review of both global and national empirical studies, the research identifies critical gaps in the existing literature. Employing a mixed-methods research design, this study integrates descriptive and explanatory analyses using secondary data sourced from Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB), the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the International Labour Organization (ILO), and other published reports. Purposive sampling guides the selection of relevant datasets and secondary sources. The study reveals a sharp rise in loan default rates among Nepalese MFIs, driven by borrower over-indebtedness, loan duplication, and weak oversight. Key macro-economic pressure such as high unemployment, inflation and slow post-pandemic recovery have further strained borrowers' repayment capacity, highlighting the urgent need for systemic reforms, improved credit monitoring, and consolidation within the microfinance sector.
Difficulties of Primary School Students in Mathematics
Students often face difficulties while learning mathematics at primary level. To obtain the obstacles of the students in the mathematical progress and outcomes, this study was conducted systematically. This is the quantitative study with the involvement of 24 students of class two from primary five schools in the Lalbandi municipality. On the basis of result of the Progress Monitoring Test and CAS of respective schools, the students were identified with mathematical difficulties. Students, here participants, were chosen with the help of the quartile (lower quartile or the first quartile (Q1) to involve in the progress monitoring test of the intervention program. After the result of the Progress Monitoring Test, a small group of four participants was chosen for the intervention program to measure the progress of those participants. It was difficult to manage the intervention program with optimal group size. The tests of the intervention program were conducted for seven times with the participants. These tests were taken after every 7 days to measure the progress in number and other mathematical concepts. T-test was used to determine the significant difference between the achievements of the both pre-tests and post-tests. The participants of grade two were found to have faced many types of the mathematical difficulties, viz. low level of understanding, lack of permanent learning, numerical figure confusion, delivery of subject matters and lack of concentrations.
Trends in Nepal’s Linguistic Demography: Insights from the 2021 Census
The linguistic landscape of Nepal is of mixed variety that has been developed due to various ethnic and cultural backgrounds. The research takes a look at the population pattern of the major language families and five major languages (Nepali, Maithili, Bhojpuri, Tharu, and Tamang) of Nepal between 1961to 2021 and the province-wise linguistic diversity to develop the language policy and cultural preservation approaches. The data used in analyzing the trends is from National Population and Housing Census (NPHC) of Nepal during 1961 to 2021 that covers information about the population sizes, the proportional representation of language families and the leading mother tongues. Indo-European family (with majority Nepali) grew up to 83.1 (24.2 million) in 2021, compared to 79.1 (7.4 million) in 1961, whereas Sino-Tibetan family experienced negative growth all the way down to 16.6 (down to 5 million in 2021) percent. The share of Nepali as the mother-tongue has decreased, as in 1981, 58.3 percent of Napili spoke it, compared to 44.9 percent in 2021; Tharu increased with 5.9 percent, and Maithili and Bhojpuri did not change significantly. There are 21 languages out of 124 that cover 95 percent of the population with the small ones facing the threat of extinction. The most prompted linguistic diversity (107 languages in each province) is found in Koshi and Bagmati, whereas Nepali is the common language owing in most of the regions with the sole exception (Madhesh). The linguistic environment of Nepal is showing signs of increasing variations as well as Indo-European paramountcy, which requires regional policies with a view to containing the unifying powers of the Nepali language without the need to eliminate the minor languages.
Basic Level English Teachers’ Attitudes Towards Errors in Students’ Writing in Kaski District
This study examines the attitudes of basic level English teachers in Kaski district towards errors in students’ writing essays, by exploring whether these errors are perceived as beneficial for learning or as obstacles to academic progress. For this survey research design, structured questionnaire was administered with 40 teachers to gather insights into their perspectives on errors across three main areas: the symbolic significance of errors, their perceived educational benefits, and concerns about potential drawbacks. Findings reveal that a significant majority of teachers (87.5%) view errors as symbols of success, emphasizing their role in the learning process. This perspective resonates with literature emphasizing error tolerance and student growth. Most teachers (80%) recognize errors as opportunities to enhance critical thinking and problem-solving skills, while opinions vary regarding the enjoyment of errors (37.5%) and their role in fostering student responsibility (42.5%). Divergent views emerge regarding errors as hindrances to learning (22.5% agreeing), the necessity of error avoidance (50% agreeing), and the immediate correction of errors (22.5% agreeing), reflecting cultural and pedagogical differences among educators. These findings underscore the complexity in teachers' perceptions of error management and highlight the need for balanced approaches that promote resilience and deeper engagement with learning content. The study concludes by advocating for supportive learning environments in which errors are viewed as valuable opportunities for growth rather than shortcomings. Such environments encourage skill development and foster critical thinking in English writing, ultimately contributing to a more holistic and effective approach to language education.
English Teachers’ Perception on the Use of EMI in Public Schools
This research article examines the perceptions of English language teachers regarding the use of English as a medium of instruction (EMI) in public schools of Nepal. It aims to explore and disseminate the findings of English language teachers' perceptions of implementing EMI, especially in secondary schools. The narrative inquiry method was employed within the framework of the interpretative research paradigm. Within Nepal, some teachers and students preferred EMI, whereas most of the students and teachers liked and demanded the use of the mother tongues of the students. They urge multilingualism, at least bilingualism (the use of learners' mother tongues), facilitates the learning of L2 more than the use of a monolingual strategy. I have found from this study that we had better let the learners select the medium of instruction on their own. It can contribute to the learning of an L2, in three perspectives: by making the learners learn easily with a clear concept of the content; by reducing costs for materials and training for implementing the EMI, and, most importantly, by preserving the local language and culture of the people, ultimately their identity. It also keeps the way open for the use of the target language in the classrooms if the learners prefer. So, I emphasize the 'Learners' Preference Theory (LP Theory)'. The learners should be the center of the teaching learning process, and they should understand the content that is delivered. Not only this, our language, culture, and identity should also be preserved, and we should be aware that we may not be lost after a few decades.
AI Tools’ Impact on ELT Learner Independence: Ethical Implications in Higher Education in Madhesh Province, Nepal
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into education is revolutionizing traditional teaching and learning practices, offering transformative potential in enhancing learner engagement and performance. In the field of English Language Teaching (ELT), AI tools are increasingly adopted to personalize instruction, improve accessibility, and foster learner autonomy. However, their use also raises significant ethical concerns, particularly regarding originality, critical thinking, and academic integrity. This study aims to explore the multifaceted impact of AI tools on ELT learners in higher education across Madhesh Province, Nepal. It focuses on identifying both the educational benefits and the ethical challenges associated with AI use in ELT contexts. A quantitative research design was employed, involving thirty purposively selected ELT learners and twenty English language teachers from various districts of Madhesh Province. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed to assess perceptions and experiences related to AI integration in ELT. The findings reveal a dual impact: while AI tools support learner autonomy, facilitate personalized learning, and enhance accessibility, they also contribute to increased plagiarism, reduced critical thinking, and suppressed creativity. The study concludes that although AI holds considerable promise for ELT, its implementation must be carefully balanced with ethical considerations to support holistic learner development.
Transmitting Traditions: Devolving Values across Generations
This study examines and explore how living values respect and cooperation in particular devolve throughout time, with an emphasis on how these values change in contemporary societies. The study uses narrative inquiry to investigate how cooperation and respect are passed down from older to younger generations, as well as how these values change as a result of social norm changes, cultural upheavals, and technological improvements. The results show that respect once an absolute, culturally set value has evolved into something more situational and context-dependent, showing a move away from customary, group-based behaviors and toward more customized, flexible interpretations. In a similar vein, cooperation has evolved from an unconditional means of ensuring one's own survival to a more conditional, self-serving exchange. The alterations in daily encounters are ascribed to wider cultural patterns including industrialization, financial strains, and the emergence of technological instruments. The study's findings support theories like Maslow's Need Theory and Durkheim's Social Integration Theory, which contend that changing values are a reflection of both societal and individual adjustments to contemporary living. Understanding how traditional values are upheld, modified, or changed in the face of generational and societal transitions is aided by this research.
Geodemography: Geospatial Stream of Demographic Analysis
Geo-demography, an emergent subfield at the intersection of geography and demography, integrates spatial technologies such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing, and spatial statistics to enhance the understanding of population dynamics within their spatial and socio-environmental contexts. This comprehensive review critically examines the theoretical foundations, methodological innovations, analytical techniques, and diverse applications of geo-demography in urban planning, public health, market segmentation, and disaster management, with a regional focus on South Asia. Employing a qualitative meta-synthesis approach and adhering to PRISMA guidelines, the study synthesizes 30 key scholarly works selected from global academic databases. It highlights how geo-demography contributes to spatially informed and equitable decision-making by revealing patterns in migration, urbanization, health disparities, and service accessibility. However, the review also identifies critical gaps, including inconsistent data quality, lack of methodological standardization, limited application in rural and low-income settings, and ethical concerns related to privacy and surveillance. It underscores the need for participatory approaches, interdisciplinary collaboration, and the integration of critical geographic perspectives to address spatial inequalities and demographic vulnerabilities. Looking ahead, the review advocates for the incorporation of Artificial Intelligence (AI), real-time data, and ethical data governance to expand the scope and impact of geo-demography in the Global South. Ultimately, the study positions geo-demography as a vital tool for sustainable development, digital governance, and inclusive policy-making in an increasingly spatially complex world.
Meaningful Engagement for Happiness, Well-being, and Prosperity: Nepal in the Asia-Pacific Context
This paper explores the idea of meaningful engagement and how it might advance happiness, well-being, and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific area with an emphasis on Nepal. The Asia-Pacific area is distinguished by its varied cultures, socio-economic conditions, and developmental disparities, all of which have distinct effects on prosperity and well-being. Nepal is a case study for comprehending the transformational effect of meaningful interaction because of its distinct socio-cultural setting and developmental constraints. This study investigates the ways in which social cohesiveness, long-term prosperity, and general well-being are influenced by active engagement at the individual, institutional, and community levels. The study examines examples from Nepal and other Asia-Pacific nations and stresses the importance of cultural values, social inclusiveness, education, and legislative actions in promoting meaningful involvement. It concludes by offering recommendations for increasing participation to raise living standards and promote sustainable development in the area.
Climate Change Awareness and Mental Health Impacts among Community College Students in Kathmandu
Growing climate change impact on mental health of human beings is a serious public health problem witnessing everywhere of the universe. The study on mental health of young people is critical for knowledge generation process. The overall objective of the study is to examine awareness of climate change and its impact on reported anxiety among community college students of Kathmandu. Cross-sectional explanatory research design is employed with collecting information from 335 graduate students. Univariate, bi-variate and multivariate analysis was performed. The study revealed that about 23 percent of students who learned about climate change from sources other than school, college, or media have reported anxiety symptoms. Multiple regression analysis shows that climate change awareness and anxiety, students who consider climate change a less significant issue are about 11 times more likely to have anxiety symptoms [OR=11.4 (5.1-17.9)] than those who view it as very important in their lives. The study concludes that climate change awareness are critical factor for the self- reported anxiety symptoms of students of community college. While controlling the social factors, the climate change awareness are most influencing factors for anxiety prevalence. This suggests that climatic factors need to be through appropriate strategic approach.
Socio- Economic Status of The Majhi Community in Lalbandi, Municipality
Nepal is the country of ethnic diversity and identities. Among them Majhi is an indigenous ethnic group, primarily residing in the inner Terai and hilly regions along the banks of rivers and streams. This article aims to study socio-economic status of Majhi Community of Lalbandi in Sarlahi. Descriptive and analytical research design have been employed to conduct this study. Primary and secondary data were collected via interview schedule and key informant interview. Observation and field visit was also used to find the activity and patterns of the Community. In the course of study, 80 Majhi people were selected as respondents who were heads of household consisting 20 respondents from each ward by the help of purposive sampling. It is found that the socio-economic pattern of Majhi people of the study site is changing due to shifting pattern of livelihood. They have shifted their traditional occupation fishing, boating to agriculture, labour work, carpentry, driving, teaching, foreign employment, etc. which has changed their income level and ways of livelihood in positive way. Inclusive initiatives have integrated them to mainstream and uplifted their lifestyle.
Challenges of Translating Cultural Terms in Jumla: A Nurse Story
This paper seeks to explore the challenges in translating culture-specific terms in Jumla: A Nurse Story, the English rendition of Radha Poudel’s acclaimed Nepali narrative Khalanga Ma Hamala. The study critically examines how the translator has dealt with culturally loaded words, ecological references, social customs, material objects, and administrative terminology in the context of Jumla, a remote district in Nepal. Drawing on key translation theories by Peter Newmark, Juliane House, and Clifford E. Landers, the paper analyzes various translation techniques such as adaptation, deletion, neutralization, interpolation, and functional equivalence, and their effects on meaning, tone, and cultural authenticity. The translated text is examined for fidelity to the original’s emotional intensity, cultural embeddedness, and narrative flow. Particular attention is given to problematic translations, such as the misrepresentation or omission of Nepali ecological and religious terms. They often dilute the source text’s richness. The paper concludes that while the translation successfully bridges linguistic gaps, it also compromises cultural integrity in certain areas which is relevant for translators, cultural theorists, and scholars working on Nepali literature in translation. It aims to contribute to the growing body of research on literary translation and cross-cultural communication, especially from minoritized languages to English.
Effects of ICT Integration on English Language Learning at the Secondary Level
The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education is receiving growing attention, especially for its ability to make language learning more effective and engaging. The purpose of this study was to explore how ICT effects the teaching of the English Language at the secondary level students. Employing an experimental research design, the study incorporated both pre-test and post-test measures across two groups to evaluate learning outcomes. The study was conducted among 60 ninth-grade students at a public secondary school in Bagmati Municipality, Sarlahi district. From this group, 30 students were chosen for in-depth interviews to gather qualitative insights into their learning experiences. The findings of the study indicated a significant difference in academic performance between the two groups. Specifically, students who were taught using ICT-based methods achieved notably higher results compared to those taught through traditional approaches. These findings highlight the effectiveness of integrating ICT to enhance English Language Learning (ELL) at the secondary school level.
Impacts of Artificial Intelligence on Teachers’ Role in Lalbandi Municipality, Sarlahi, Nepal
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the field of computer science which trains machines to imitate intelligent human abilities such as learning, reasoning, and decision-making. Integration of AI in education has the potential to transform traditional teaching techniques and enhance student achievement, especially in Lalbandi Municipality, Sarlahi District, Madhesh Province, Nepal. The aim of this study is to examine the potential effects of AI on the roles, responsibilities, and professional development of educators in this field. The study determines the levels of concern, confidence, attitudes, and perceived usefulness towards AI among educators by combining a comprehensive literature analysis with primary research including 70 teachers from community and private school. The results show that there is a lot of ambiguity regarding the ways in which AI may impact decision-making, job security, and trustworthiness of AI training and its advantages. To address these issues, researcher suggests to improve teachers&#39; self-assurance and comprehension of AI, and cultivate a more positive attitude toward AI technologies. The study emphasizes the critical need for focused AI training and support programs. These findings are essential for creating a context-specific strategy for integrating AI into education that puts teachers&#39; needs and agency first, with the ultimate goal of improving Nepal&#39;s educational system.
Attitudes of Graduate Students Towards Online Learning Systems
Background: This study aimed to investigate graduate students’ attitudes toward online learning systems in theKathmandu Valley. With the growing reliance on digital platforms in education, understanding student perceptions is important for improving the effectiveness of online learning. Methods: A descriptive survey design was employed to collect data from 400 graduate students, comprising 250 from colleges in Kathmandu and 150 who completed the survey via google forms. A questionnaire containing 20 positive and negative statements, rated on a 5-point Likert scale, along with two open-ended questions, was used. Statistical tools, including the mean, standard deviation, t-test, chi-square test, and percentage analysis, were applied. Results: The findings revealed that most students had a positive attitude toward online learning systems, particularly recognising their usefulness in enhancing learning performance and supporting self-learning. However, challenges such as slow and unstable internet, limited digital literacy, and discomfort with screen- based learning negatively impacted the experiences of some students. No significant differences were found in attitudes based on gender or faculty. Conclusion: While student attitudes are generally favourable, the study highlights the need for improved internet infrastructure, digital literacy training, and integration of online learning concepts into the curriculum. Policymakers and educators should prioritise teacher training to enhance online education systems.
‘भोक र भित्ताहरू’ उपन्यासमा यथार्थवाद {Realism in the novel ‘Bhok ra Bhittaharu’}
प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानात्मक लेखमा दौलतविक्रम विष्टको ‘भोक र भित्ताहरू’ उपन्यासलाई यथार्थवादी शिल्प प्रयोगका आधारमा विवेचना गरिएको छ । यथार्थवादका आधारमा ‘भोक र भित्ताहरू’ उपन्यासको विश्लेषण गर्नु यस अनुसन्धानको मुख्य उद्देश्य हो । यस लेखमा उपन्यास विश्लेषणका लागि यथार्थवादका मान्यताहरूका साथै सामाजिक यथार्थवाद, आदर्शोन्मुख यथार्थवाद र आलोचनात्मक यथार्थवादलाई मुख्य आधार मानिएको छ । अध्ययनका लागि आवश्यक सामग्री पुस्तकालय र विभिन्न समालोचनाका कृतिहरूबाट लिइएको छ । यस अध्ययनमा गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान प्रक्रियाअन्तर्गत कृतिको वर्णनात्मक र विश्लेषणात्मक अध्ययन विधिलाई प्रयोग गरिएको छ । उपन्यासमा सामाजिक यथार्थतालाई देखाउन रुढीग्रस्त, अशिक्षित, विपन्न, अभावग्रस्त तत्कालीन नेपाली समाजमा देखिएका विकृति र विसङ्गतिलाई केलाइएको छ । यसमा काठमाडौँ उपत्यकामा जीर्ण भइसकेको पाटी, पौवा, धर्मशाला र त्यसमा छेउछाउको परिवेशलाई केन्द्र मानिएको छ । उपन्यासको प्रमुख पात्र हर्के साहिँलाको केन्द्रीयतामा उपन्यासको विषयवस्तु अघि बढेकाले सामाजिक स्थितिको दृश्याङ्कन गर्न उपन्यास सफल छ । यसमा गरिबको समस्या धनी वर्गले नबुझ्ने कुरालाई हर्के साहिँलाजस्तो गरिबलाई हतियार बनाई आफ्नो स्वार्थ सिद्ध गर्ने प्रसङ्ग आएको छ । उपन्यासमा पात्रअनुकूल कथ्य भाषाको प्रयोग गरिएको छ । भोकले सताइएका हर्के साहिँला, चन्द्रे, झुने, जुनेलीजस्ता व्यक्तिहरूको कारुणिक चित्र याथार्थपरक ढङ्गबाट गरिएको छ । उपन्यासमा सामाजिक यथार्थलाई आदर्शोन्मुख यथार्थतर्फ ढल्काउँदै आलोचनात्मक यथार्थमा लगेर टुङ्ग्याइएको छ । {This research article, Daulat Bikram Bista's novel ‘Bhok ra Bhittaharu’ has been analyzed on the basis of realistic literary apporach. The main objective of this research is to analyze the novel ‘Bhok ra Bhittaharu’ on the basis of realism. In this article, the norms of realism, as well as social realism, ideal-oriented realism and critical realism, have been considered as the main basis for analysis. It deals with liberary research for essential materials collection and various works of criticism. In this study, the descriptive and analytical study methods of the work have been used under the qualitative research process. The novel examines the distortions and anomalies seen in the stereotyped, uneducated, poor and deprived Nepali society of the time to show social reality. In this, the dilapidated Pati, Pauwa, Dharamshala and the surrounding environment in the Kathmandu Valley have been considered as the center. Since the theme of the novel progresses with the centrality of the main character of the novel, Harke Sahinla, the novel is successful in visualizing the social situation. In this, the rich class does not understand the problems of the poor and uses the poor like Harke Sahinla as a weapon to prove their own interests. The novel uses character-appropriate narrative language. The tragic portraits of people like Harke Sahinla, Chandre, Jhune, and Juneli tormented by hunger are realistic. The novel concludes by tilting social reality towards ideal-oriented reality and taking it to critical reality.}
तीनधारा पाकशाला : जयतु संस्कृतम् आन्दोलन र योद्धाहरू {Tindhara Pakshala: The ‘Jaya Tu Sanskritam’ Movement and Its Warriors}
यस अध्ययनमा तीनधारा पाकशालामा बसेर ‘जयतु संस्कृतम्’ नामक आन्दोलनमार्फत नेपालको शैक्षिक परिवर्तनमा भूमिका खेल्ने योद्धाहरूलाई चिनाइएको छ । यहाँ तीनधारा पाकशालाको पृष्ठभूमि तथा जयतु संस्कृतम् आन्दोलन हुनुको कारणसहित उक्त आन्दोलनमा सहभागी योद्धाहरूको भूमिका र नामावलीलाई केलाइएको छ । यसर्थ यो अध्ययन ऐतिहासिक र शैक्षिक जगसँग जोडिएको राजनीतिक परिवर्तनको विषयमा केन्द्रित रहेको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा गुणात्मक तथ्याङ्क विश्लेषण विधिका माध्यमबाट प्राप्त तथ्यलाई प्रमाणित गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनमा प्राथमिक स्रोत सामग्रीका रूपमा दुई सहभागी योद्धाको पाण्डुलिपि तथा अन्य द्वितीयक स्रोत सामग्रीसहित जयतु संस्कृतम् आन्दोलनको वस्तुस्थितिलाई केलाइएको छ । प्राप्त सामग्रीको विश्लेषणबाट यस विद्यार्थी आन्दोलनले जनमानसमा राजनीतिक जागरण ल्याउन सहयोग गरेको पाइयो । यसका साथै नेपाल सरकार वैधानिक कानुन, २००४ निर्माणमा यस आन्दोलनमा सहभागी योद्धाहरूले आवश्यक सल्लाहसुझाव र तत्कालीन परिवेशअनुकूल दबाब दिएको पाइएको छ । समीक्षात्मक टिप्पणी गर्दा यस अध्ययनबाट शैक्षिक, सामाजिक तथा संवैधानिक विकासमा मद्दत पुर्‍याएको देखियो । विद्यार्थीहरूद्वारा तत्कालीन कठोर शासक विरुद्ध एकताबद्ध भई निरन्तर आन्दोलन गर्ने र न्याय माग्ने सन्दर्भमा यो आन्दोलन रचनात्मक प्रकृतिको नेपालको पहिलो विद्यार्थी आन्दोलन रहेको पाइयो । यसका साथै जयतु संस्कृतम्का योद्धाहरूको भूमिकाका कारण मुलुकमा चेतनाको नवीन जागरण विकास भई वि.सं.२००७ सालमा प्रजातन्त्र स्थापनामा सहयोग पुर्‍याएको निष्कर्षलाई केलाइएको छ । {This study introduces the warriors who played a vital role in Nepal’s educational transformation through the ‘Jaya Tu Sanskritam’ movement initiated from Tindhara Pakshala. It explores the background of the Tindhara Pakshala, the causes behind the inception of the Jaya Tu Sanskritam movement, and highlights the roles and identities of those who actively participated in it. Thus, this research focuses on the theme of political transformation Connected with historical and educational foundations. The study employs a qualitative data analysis method to validate the findings. Primary sources include manuscripts from two participants of the movement, while secondary sources supplement the analysis of the movement’s actual circumstances. The analysis reveals that this student-led movement significantly contributed to raising political awareness among the general public. Moreover, it was found that the warriors involved in the movement provided critical suggestions and exerted contextual pressure that influenced the formulation of the Legal Code of 2004 B.S. by the Government of Nepal. Upon critical review, the study demonstrates that the movement played a constructive role in Nepal’s educational, social, and constitutional development. It is identified as Nepal’s first creative student movement, in which students united to resist the then authoritarian regime and demanded justice persistently and systematically. Additionally, the efforts and dedication of the Jaya Tu Sanskritam warriors sparked a wave of awakening across the country, ultimately contributing to the establishment of democracy in Nepal in 2007 B.S.}
‘प्यालासँग नयाँ कविता’ कविता सङ्ग्रहमा यथार्थ {Reality in ‘Pyaala-Sanga Naya Kabita’ Poerty Collection}
कवि सुमन घिमिरे ‘अग्रिम’ को ‘प्यालासँग नयाँ कविता’ कविता सङ्ग्रह वि.सं. २०६२÷०६३ देखि २०८० को दशकसम्ममा नेपालमा देखिएका समसामयिक यथार्थताहरू अभिव्यक्त भएको कविताहरूको सँगालो हो । तत्कालीन समयको समाज, राजनीति, अर्थव्यवस्था, संस्कार र संस्कृति नै यस काव्यमा यथार्थ रूपमा अभिव्यक्त भएका छन् । गरिबी, अभाव, पीडा, विसङ्गति, व्यङ्ग्य, प्रगतिशील चेत, अस्तित्ववादी चिन्तन र समसामयिक दृष्टिकोण तथा यथार्थतालाई काव्यभित्र खोज्नु प्रस्तुत लेखको उद्देश्य हो । उल्लिखित समयका यथार्थ विषय एवम् स्वरलाई कविले हुबहु रूपमा काव्यमा प्रस्तुत गरेको पाइनु यस लेखको प्रमुख प्राप्ति हो । यथार्थमा देश, जनता, जाति, सभ्यता, संस्कृति, संस्कारजस्ता पक्षलाई केन्द्र मानेर काव्य तयार भएकाले उक्त कवितामा राष्ट्रिय भाव स्वतः समेटिएको छ । पुस्तक पठन विधिको प्रयोग गरी तथ्याङ्क सङ्कलन गरिएको प्रस्तुत लेखमा पाठात्मक विधिका आधारमा सामग्रीको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ भने गुणात्मक पद्धतिअन्तर्गत ‘प्यालासँग नयाँ कविता’ कविता सङ्ग्रहलाई प्राथमिक स्रोत र अन्य सामग्रीलाई द्वितीयक स्रोत सामग्रीका रूपमा अपनाइएको छ । कविताभित्रको यथार्थताको खोजी गरिएकाले पठन तथा अन्तर्पठनद्वारा सम्बन्धित पाठक तथा यथार्थताको अध्ययन गर्ने अध्येतालाई यो लेख उपयोगी रहेको छ । {The poetry collection "Pyaala-sanga Naya Kabita" by poet Suman Ghimire 'Agrim' is an anthology that reflects contemporary realities observed in Nepal from 2005–06 to 2023 AD (B.S. 2062/063 to 2080). The poems vividly portray the realities of the time, including society, politics, economy, traditions, and culture. This article aims to explore how themes such as poverty, deprivation, pain, irony, satire, progressive awareness, existential thought, contemporary perspectives, and realism are expressed within the poems. One of the major findings of this article is that the poet has authentically represented the realities and voices of contemporary period in his work. Since the poems revolve around core national concerns such as the country, the people, ethnicity, civilization, culture, and traditions, a strong sense of nationalism is naturally embedded in the collection. This study employs the method of close reading for data collection and applies textual analysis for interpretation. Under the qualitative research approach, "Pyaala-sanga Naya Kabita" serves as the primary source, while other relevant literature has been used as secondary sources. As the focus is on discovering the elements of realism within the poems, it is remarkable for readers and researchers interested in realistic textual an analysis.}