Journal of Educational Research and Innovation
The Journal of Educational Research and Innovation (JERI) is a peer reviewed scholarly publication of Mid-West University, Graduate School of Education, Office of the Dean, that seeks to create conversations about education especially; policy, practice, research, teaching and innovation among scholars across the academic disciplines. It is interdisciplinary and bilingual in nature published annually.
Mid-Western University, Graduate School of Education
Exploring Dalit Students’ Perceptions towards Learning English
This study explores the perceptions of Dalit students towards learning English, aiming to examine their experiences, challenges, and motivations in educational contexts. This study employed a quantitative survey methodology to explore the perceptions of Dalit students towards learning English. A structured questionnaire was the primary tool for data collection, allowing for systematic and quantifiable measurement of students' attitudes, motivations, experiences, and challenges in learning the language. The target population for this research consists of Dalit students enrolled in selected five community schools of Birendranagar Municipality. The findings reveal that while English is perceived as a language of opportunity and upward mobility, many Dalit students face significant barriers, including limited access to quality instruction, socio-cultural discrimination, and a lack of supportive learning environments. Despite these challenges, participants express a strong desire to learn English, driven by aspirations for better educational and career prospects. The study highlights the need for more inclusive language policies and targeted support for marginalized students, ensuring equitable access to English education. The paper concludes with recommendations for policymakers, educators, and stakeholders to address the existing gaps and promote social justice in English language learning for Dalit students.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Educational Research and Innovation
Perceptions and Practices of English and Nepali Medium Instruction
This study aimed to explore the perceptions and practices of key stakeholders—students, teachers, school management committee (SMC) chairs, and parents—regarding the use of Nepali Medium Instruction (NMI) and English Medium Instruction (EMI) in government-funded community schools. A quantitative research design was employed, with a structured questionnaire distributed to 200 participants, including students (N = 100), teachers (N = 50), SMC chairs (N = 20), and parents (N = 30) from four government-funded community schools across Nepal. The schools were selected through purposive sampling to ensure representation from both NMI- and EMI-based instruction. The study findings revealed a strong parental preference for English Medium Instruction (EMI), with 70% of parents considering it important or very important. However, teachers expressed a more balanced view, with 70% recognizing the significance of Nepali Medium Instruction (NMI) and 68% acknowledging the importance of EMI. Teachers perceived EMI as beneficial for improving students' English language proficiency (48%) and enhancing career prospects, while also noting that NMI fosters a better understanding of academic concepts (58%) due to language familiarity. Both parents and teachers observed that EMI can hinder students' confidence, with 32% of parents and 37% of teachers reporting that language barriers in EMI reduce students' self-esteem and classroom participation. Additionally, limited access to educational resources in Nepali was highlighted by 33% of parents and 35% of students. While the highest percentage of teachers (40%) and students (47%) preferred NMI, a majority of parents (52%) favored EMI. The findings contribute to the ongoing discussion on the medium of instruction in Nepal’s education system, particularly regarding the balance between preserving cultural identity and improving future educational and career opportunities for students.
Trends and Destinations of Foreign Labour Migration in Nepal
Migration plays a crucial role in the interplay between population dynamics and development, particularly in the context of Nepal. This study aims to identify the trends and destinations of foreign labor migration from Nepal, highlighting its significance to the nation's economy. While recent data indicates a continuous increase in foreign employment patterns, there remains considerable uncertainty regarding the sustainability of these trends and their future levels. The study concluded that Nepal’s rising emigration, particularly to Gulf States and Malaysia, has significantly reshaped its economy, transitioning from agriculture to remittance dependency, with remittances now contributing the third-largest share of GDP globally. Despite this, slow implementation of the 2012 Foreign Employment Policy has prompted the Ministry of Labour and Employment to devise a five-year strategic action plan focusing on decentralizing migration management, improving remittance systems through innovative technologies, and ensuring social security for vulnerable groups. Additionally, addressing labor shortages post the 2015 earthquake and offering competitive wages to reduce labor outflow are critical. The study highlights the overlooked links between migration and development, emphasizing the need to optimize remittance utilization, human capital, and social capital to drive Nepal’s economic and social progress.
Perspectives and Challenges of Assessment in ELT in Higher Education: A Review Paper
This review paper examines the challenges associated with assessing English language teaching (ELT) in higher education, encompassing natural obstacles and issues stemming from assessment systems. It evaluates traditional and modern assessment methods, including summative, formative, developmental, and elective exams, while examining their strengths and limitations. The paper also explores the impact of technological advances on assessment practices and emphasizes critical factors such as socioeconomic disparities, linguistic diversity, and the alignment of assessments with learning outcomes. Through a review of literature and case studies, the paper illuminates the influence of assessments on teaching and learning, considering perspectives from both teachers and students, test anxiety, and educational diversity. Key findings underscore the potential of technology to enhance assessment flexibility, yet persistent socioeconomic and linguistic barriers hinder equitable evaluation. The article advocates for adopting more adaptive and inclusive strategies, emphasizing the importance of a balanced approach that fosters fair, effective, and comprehensive ELT assessments in higher education.
A Systematic Review on Current Research Trends on Student-Centered Pedagogies in English as a Foreign Language (EFL)
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA is a research method that involves systematically collecting, evaluating, and synthesizing all relevant studies on a specific topic using pre-defined criteria. Following PRISMA guideline, this article examines the current trends and research focus of the researchers on student-centered teaching strategies in English Language Teaching (ELT) from 2020 to 2024. It investigates four main themes: active learning strategies, student engagement in EFL classrooms, participatory teaching and learning, and task-based teaching and learning (TBLT). The findings reveal that task-based teaching and learning as the most extensively researched theme, indicating a notable interest in its effectiveness for enhancing language proficiency among EFL learners. Similarly, there was relatively lesser researches on participatory teaching and learning method compared to TBLT in EFL contexts during the designated period. Furthermore, while active learning strategies and student engagement in EFL classrooms were acknowledged, they did not receive as much research focus as task-based approaches. This study contributes to discussions on effective teaching practices in EFL education by highlighting the distribution of research attention across different student-centered teaching themes. The findings offer valuable guidance for policymakers, educators, and researchers to develop teaching strategies prioritizing active learning and students’ engagement strategies, ultimately leading to improvements in language education and more fulfilling learning experiences for EFL learners.
Impact of the Workplace Environment on Employee Productivity
The working environment plays a crucial role in an organization and has many employee issues. Increasing productivity can be achieved by creating a conducive working environment within the organization. The study investigates the impact of the working environment on employee productivity in Birendranagar, Surkhet, focusing on supervisor support, good relations with coworkers, training and development, and incentives and recognition plans. Adopting a positivist approach, the research used a causal-comparative design and collected data through a survey questionnaire with 260 participants. The study uses SPSS software and uses a quantitative exploratory research technique. The research found strong relationships with colleagues, training and development programs, and reward and recognition plan significantly increase employee productivity. However, the support of the supervisors has little impact.
Impact of Cooperative Learning Approach on Students' Achievement in Mathematics
Cooperative Learning Approach (CLA), focusing on the collaborative, active engagement and group working to each other in mathematics learning, makes significant impact on the students' achievement in their academic career. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of CLA on academic achievement in mathematics at grade nine students of Rukum (West), District, Nepal. A quantitative method and a quasi-experimental research design were employed in this study to examine how CLA made an impact on students in two community-based schools. The two schools were purposely selected from two strata such as one experimental stratum (N=15) and another control stratum (N=15) assigned by result of pre-test result through random selection. Mathematical Achievement Test (MAT) and participants' observation dairy notes were used as tools for data collection. The research process based on Input, Process, and Output (IPO) model whereas experimental group was taught by using CLA and control group was taught by Conventional Teaching Approach (CTA) with twenty-six days on the topic of mensuration of compulsory mathematics. At the end of intervention, post-test was administered on both groups, while the daily reflective notes prepared during intervention period among two groups related with students' learning behavior and activities regularly. The result is analyzed by using t-test to compare mean score of posttest for both groups. The result indicated significant association between mean achievements of experimental group and control group, p<0.05 that implies cooperative learning group performed better in mathematics achievement. Findings is that CLA was significantly motivated, engaged, shared, cooperative, and accountable approach than conventional approach in terms of learning concepts and skills in mathematics. The cooperative learning approach is more beneficial in mathematics teaching to enhance students' academic achievement, and therefore mathematics teachers would incorporate this approach in their teaching learning process.
Role of Mathematical Communication for Learning Mathematics
Mathematical communication is increasingly recognized as a crucial component of effective mathematics learning. This research paper examines the role of mathematical communication in enhancing students' understanding and proficiency in mathematics. The objectives of the study are to explore how communication supports learning in mathematics, identify strategies that teachers can employ to improve students' mathematical communication skills, and assess the impact of these skills on overall student achievement. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data from surveys, classroom observations, and interviews with mathematics teachers and students. A sample of 50 secondary school students and 2 mathematics teachers were selected from various schools. Quantitative data were gathered through surveys assessing students' communication skills and mathematics achievement, while qualitative data were obtained through observations of classroom interactions and interviews with teachers regarding their instructional practices. The findings reveal that students with stronger mathematical communication skills demonstrated a higher level of understanding and problem-solving ability. Teachers who actively promoted mathematical communication through structured tasks, classroom discussions, and opportunities for students to explain their reasoning reported improved student engagement and learning outcomes. Furthermore, the study found that mathematical communication not only facilitated individual learning but also encouraged collaborative problem-solving and peer learning. In conclusion, the study highlights the significant role of mathematical communication in fostering deeper understanding and improving mathematical proficiency. Effective communication allows students to articulate their thinking, engage with mathematical concepts more critically, and collaborate with others. The study recommends that teachers incorporate mathematical communication as a central element of their instructional practices to enhance student learning and success in mathematics.
Role of Homework in Learning Achievement: Teachers' Perspectives
Homework means types of work which is planned and approved by the teacher within certain time of period. Homework has been used for enhance quality of education by connect students to outline of any subject. Many Teachers and parents have been believed that homework can play the important role for improve learning in other hand different scholars and academician has been rise their voice against homework and anti-homework movement also raised in latest time. Different debatable and controversial issues have been raising regarding homework. The study is to find and explore the role of homework for enhancing students learning. Through the in-depth interviews and observation, the study examines teachers' perspectives, experiences, and understanding toward homework. This study has been emphasized to find the role of homework for enhancing students' learning from teachers' perspectives in basic-level education in the Narayan Municipality of the Dailekh district. Especially private schools have been blamed for homework issues. Many students were victims of overloaded homework. In this article I have been trying to explore the role of homework by aligning with students learning achievements through teachers' perspectives. The positive and negative roles of homework and ways of using homework as an effective tool are also described. For preparing this article, I have used the qualitative research approach. Five teachers were selected from two private schools in the Dailekh district through the purposive sampling
Contraceptive Use among Reproductive Aged Women of Squatter Slum Areas in Surkhet Valley
This paper examines contraceptive use among reproductive aged women of squatter slum areas in Surkhet valley. Nepal has experienced a dramatic increase in contractive use. Fertility rate is a decline in Nepal. The main objective of the study was to examine the socio-demographic background of squatter slum women regarding contraceptive use and to find out the status of contraceptive use. The currently married women of reproductive age (15-49) were interviewed by applying systematic random sampling method without replacement. Sample size was 142 reproductive aged women. Despite intensive efforts from various sectors it is reducing in desirable level. Various studies suggest that fertility is found to be high especially in backwards communities. Squatter slum areas are one of the examples. An attempt is made in this study to find out the general features of these settlements mainly level of contraceptive use and its relation with some selected socio-economic variables. Definitely, environment condition of these settlements is found hazardous. The family planning program in Nepal has been considered a success in a setting without much socio-economic development. With the concerted effort of the government of Nepal and Non-governmental Organizations (INGOs), women are becoming aware of physical health. Contraception prevalence level is not found satisfactory. About half of the eligible couple out of total couples is yet to contraceptive use. Age of the user, age at marriage, child ever born, husband’s education, women’s education and working status of spouse are positively correlated with the contraceptive use.
Trend of Population Change in Nepal and its Adverse Effect on Diverse Aspects
This research paper aims to describe the trend of population change and its adverse effects on diverse aspects of individual, family, community and the nation. Secondary data have been used from the statistical reports of various census conducted in Nepal in this study. This study has focused on the trend of population change from the initial census 1911 to the last census year 2021 with its adverse effects on human being. Nepal’s population was under the 6 million in initial census year 1911. After during the 110-years period later, as per a latest statistical report 2021, the current population has crossed 29 million due to high birth and low death rate, poor use of contraceptives, illiteracy, unemployment, poverty, low status of women, traditional system of marriage, cultural and religious beliefs, increasing trend of immigration and regional or provincial difference which contributes to create environmental degradation, possibility of extinction, rise in unemployment, lack of education, high cost of living, conflict and wars, deterioration of culture, lower life expectancy and quality of life. The feeling of risk resulting from the large population size in Nepal is same as other developing countries. Looking at the current demographic situation as compared with limited resources in Nepal, it is suggested that the exceptional population influencing policies and programs should be formulated and implemented in every regions or residences to combat against adverse effect of overpopulation.
Policies and Provisions for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Inclusive Education Context
This article delves into the policies and provisions designed to aid children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) within inclusive classroom environments. Drawing upon a qualitative context analysis through an examination of international declarations and Nepal's national policies, it scrutinizes the legal frameworks and educational guidelines addressing the educational requirements of children with ASD. Key international documents such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), Education for All (EFA), and the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN-CRPD) are analysed to discern their implications for inclusive education. Moreover, Nepal's national policies, including the National Education System Plan, National Policy and Action Plan Related to People with Disability, and the Inclusive Education Policy for Persons with Disabilities, are assessed to determine their alignment with global initiatives and effectiveness in promoting inclusive practices for children with ASD. The study emphasizes the pivotal role of these policies in shaping inclusive education environments, ensuring access to quality education, and fostering the rights of individuals with ASD to fully participate in society. Limited resources, inadequate support services, a shortage of trained teachers, and knowledge gaps among educators and stakeholders hinder the successful inclusion of students with ASD in mainstream classrooms Recommendations for policy implementation and future research directions are also deliberated to enhance support for children with ASD in inclusive classroom settings.
नेपाली विषय शिक्षकको शिक्षणमा तालिमको प्रभाव
तालिम सिकाइसँग सम्बन्धित विषय हो । शिक्षणमा प्रभावकारिता ल्याउन शिक्षकलाई तालिमको आवश्यकता पर्छ । शिक्षकले तालिम लिएपछि यसको शिक्षणमा प्रभावकारिता भए नभएको खोजी यस लेखमा गरिएको छ । शोध विषयशिक्षणमा तालिमको प्रभावकारिताको अध्ययनमा केन्द्रित छ । प्रस्तुत शोधलेख कक्षाकोठा व्यवस्थापनमा शिक्षकको शिक्षणमा तालिम प्रभावकारिता र विद्यार्थीको सिकाइ उपलब्धिमा स्तरमा पारेको प्रभावको मूल्याङ्कन गर्न प्रत्यक्ष अन्तर्वार्ता र क्षेत्रीय अध्ययन विधिलाई अपनाइएको छ । प्रस्तुत शोधमा मूलतः गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान विधि प्रयोग गरिएको छ । सामग्री सङ्कलनका सन्दर्भमा भने सम्बन्धित विद्यालयका प्रधानाध्यापक, शिक्षक र विद्यार्थीहरूसँगको प्रत्यक्ष सहभागिताका आधारमा अध्ययन गरिएको छ । त्यसैगरी तथ्याङ्क सङ्कलनको तथ्यका आधारमा अवलोकन, अन्तर्वार्ता, प्रश्नावली र छलफल रहेका छन् । यस सन्दर्भमा तालिमलाई शिक्षकको े पेसागत दक्षता विकासको आधार र सिकाइको प्रभावकारी एवम् अर्थपूर्ण माध्यमका रूपमा लिइएको छ । कक्षाकोठामा तालिमको प्रभावकारी प्रयोगबाट विद्यालय नमुना छनोटमा परेका माध्यमिक तहका नेपाली विषयशिक्षक र विद्यार्थीहरूलाई नमुना जनसङ्ख्याका रूपमा लिएको छ । वर्तमान समयमा भने समाजको बदलिँदो स्वरूप र विज्ञानको तीव्र विकासका कारण सिकाइ वा शिक्षण प्रक्रियामा पनि परिवर्तन आएको छ, जसका लागि शिक्षकलाई नवीन प्रविधिको प्रयोगमा आधारित तालिमको आवश्यकता भएको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।
चन्द्र बहादुर Chandra Bahadur बुढा Budha
आहुतिका कवितामा दलित विरूद्धको प्रतिरोधात्मक चेतना
प्रस्तुत लेख आहुतिका कवितामा दलित विरूद्धको प्रतिरोधात्मक चेतनाको पहिचान गर्नु उद्देश्यसँग सम्बन्धित रहेको छ छ । यस लेखमा प्राप्त तथ्याङ्कलाई वर्णनात्मक तथा विश्लेषणात्मक रूपमा व्याख्या विश्लेषण गरिएकाले गुणात्मक ढाँचाअन्तर्गत पाठ विश्लेषणमा आधारित रहेको छ । अध्ययन कार्यसँग सम्बन्धित रहेका वा नेपाली साहित्यमा लेखिएका दलित चेतनाको निरूपण गर्ने एवम् प्राज्ञिक समस्याको समाधानका लागि आवश्यक पर्ने सम्पूर्ण सामग्रीहरू पुस्तकालयीय स्रोतबाट सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान भएकाले विशेष गरी व्याख्या विश्लेषणका लागि आवश्यकताअनुसार विश्लेषणात्मक र तार्किक विधि तथा प्रक्रियाको उपयोग गरिएको छ । यसरी समसामयिक प्रगतिवादी कविता धारामा उदाएका कवि आहुतिले सङ्ख्यात्मक रूपमा त्यति धेरै कविता नलेखेका भए तापनि गुणात्मकताको कसीमा यिनका कविता निकै प्रखर र सशक्त छन् । मूलतः प्रगतिवादी काव्यलेखनको मूलमान्यतालाई अक्षरशः पालना गरी काव्यसाधना गर्ने आहुतिले जातीय उत्पीडनको तीब्र विरोध मात्र गरेका छैनन्, दलितको समस्यालाई निकै प्राज्ञिक ढङ्गले विश्लेषण गर्दै समाधानका उपायसमेत प्रस्तुत गरेका छन् । आहुतिले कवितामा सामाजिक विकृति र विसङ्गतिप्रति विद्रोह, दलित तथा उत्पीडितप्रति पू ँजीपतिवर्गद्वारा गरिएको दमन, शोषण, जातीय विभेदको उजागर गर्दै नेपाली साहित्यमा दलित विभेद विरूद्धको प्रतिरोधात्मक चेतनालाई नेपाली समाजमा युगौ युगदेखि उत्पीडनको जीनव वाध्य भएका कामी, दमाई, च्यामे, गाइने, बादी, मुसहर र सार्की जातिका प्रतिनिधि पात्रमार्फत् निकै सशक्त रूपमा प्रस्तुत गरेका छन् । मसामयिक नेपाली कवितामा कला पक्षभन्दा पनि विचार पक्षलाई विशेष जोड दिएर यस प्रकारको दलित विभेद विरुद्धको प्रतिरोधात्मक क्षमतालाई सशक्त रूपमा प्रस्तुत गर्नु आहुतिको विशिष्ट काव्यगत पहिचान तथा विशेषता हो ।
कक्षा १–३ को मेरो सेरोफेरो विषयमा शैक्षिक सामग्रीको प्रयोगको अवस्था
प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धान कक्षा १–३ को मेरो सेरोफेरो विषयमा शैक्षिक सामग्रीको प्रयोगको अवस्था शीर्षक रहेको छ । कुनैपनि विषयको शिक्षण सरल, सहज, अर्थपूर्ण, रोचक, प्रभावकारी र व्यावहारमूलक बनाई उच्चतम रुपमा सिकाइ उपलब्धि हाँसिल गर्न सहयोग पुर्याउने साधन शैक्षिक सामग्री हो । विद्यार्थीहरुमा ज्ञान, सीप, धारणा र प्रतिभाको विकास गरी उच्चतम रुपमा उपलब्धि हाँसील गर्न शैक्षिक सामग्रीको प्रयोग एउटा सशक्त माध्यम र शिक्षण गर्ने सबैभन्दा उत्तम विधिको रुपमा लिइन्छ । अध्ययनका क्रममा शैक्षिक सामग्रीको रुपमा मुख्य गरेर पाठ्यपुस्तक, सेतोपाटी र कहिलेकाँहि नक्शा र चित्र प्रयोग हुने गरेको भएपनि अन्य आधुनिक श्रव्य, दृश्य र श्रव्यदृश्य शैक्षिक सामग्रीको प्रयोग नियमित हुन नसकेको पाइयो । शैक्षिक सामग्रीको संकलन, निर्माण र प्रयोगमा आवश्यक शिक्षक दरबन्दीको अभाव, बढी पिरियड भार, भौतिक विकासको अभाव, स्थानीय स्रोत र साधनको उपयोग गर्न नसक्नु जस्ता समस्याहरु रहेको पाइयो । यसको लागि केन्द्रस्तरदेखि स्थानीय निकायसम्म शैक्षिक सामग्रीको संकलन, निर्माण र प्रयोगमा सबैले नीतिगत व्यवस्थाको साथै कार्यान्वयन पक्षमा जोडदिनुपर्ने देखिन्छ । शैक्षिक सामग्री प्रयोगको समस्या न्यूनिकरण गर्नका लागि शैक्षिक सामग्रीलाई शिक्षणको लागि अनिवार्य साधन बनाउनुपर्ने साथै सबै सरोकारवाला पक्षको समन्वयमा जोड दिनुपर्ने देखिन्छ ।
प्रस्तुत लेख भाषा शिक्षणमा साहित्यिक विधाको प्रयोजन शीर्षकसँग सम्वन्धित रहेको छ । यो लेख भाषा शिक्षणका सैद्धान्तिक स्वरूप ठम्याउनुका साथै विधा शिक्षणको उपयोगिता पत्ता लगाउनुजस्ता उद्देश्यमा केन्द्रित रहेको छ । गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान ढाँचाको प्रयोग गरिएको यस अध्ययनमा वर्णनात्मक अध्ययन विधिको प्रयोग गरी पुस्तकालयी कार्यको माध्यमबाट सामग्री सङ्कलन गरी अर्थापन गरिएको छ । यस पहिलोअध्ययनमा द्वितीय स्रोतका रुपमा भाषा शिक्षण र साहित्य शिक्षणसँग सम्वन्धित विभिन्न पाठ्यपुस्तक, विभिन्न पत्रपत्रिकामा प्रकाशित अनुसन्धानात्मक लेखलाई उपयोग गरिएको छ । साहित्यिक विधा शिक्षण रसपूर्ण हुने भएकाले तिनै विधाको उपयोग गर्दै विद्यार्थीहरुमा सुनाइ, बोलाइ, पढाइ र लेखाइ सिपको विकास गराउने र विद्यार्थीलाई विभिन्न साहित्यिक विधाको ज्ञान दिई सिर्जनात्मक क्षमताको विकास गराउन भाषा शिक्षणमा साहित्यिक विधा शिक्षणको आवश्यकता रहेको यस लेखमा निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।
पाठ्यक्रमको उपयोगका सम्बन्धमा नेपाली भाषा शिक्षकका दृष्टिकोण
प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा नेपाली भाषा शिक्षणका क्रममा पाठ्यक्रमको प्रयोग सन्दर्भमा शिक्षकहरूका दृष्टिकोणलाई केलाइएको छ । नेपाली भाषा कक्षामा पाठ्यक्रम प्रयोगको अवस्थालाई विश्लेषण गर्ने उद्देश्य यसमा राखिएको छ । गुणात्मक अध्ययन ढाँचाको अवलम्बन गरिएको यस अध्ययनमा आवश्यक तथ्याङ्क सङ्कलनका लागि कक्षाको अवलोकन र शिक्षकसँग खुला अन्तर्वार्ता लिइएको छ । यसरी सङ्कलित तथ्याङ्कको अभिलेखन, सारांश पहिचान, कोड निर्माण, कोडको वर्गीकरण तथा सामूहीकरण र नतिजा पहिचानको प्रक्रिया चरणबद्ध अपनाई विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । सङ्कलित तथ्याङ्कको विश्लेषण गर्दा नेपाली भाषा शिक्षकहरू पाठ्यक्रमको औचित्य र आवश्यकताबारे सैद्धान्तिक रूपमा जानकार छन् तर व्यवहारमा प्रयोग गरेका छैनन् । विद्यालयमा पाठ्यक्रम उपलब्ध भए तापनि तिनलाई प्रयोगमा ल्याइएको छैन । यसका लागि शिक्षकमा पेसागत इमान्दारिताको परिपालनाका साथै सामयिक रूपमा पाठ्यक्रम प्रबोधीकरणको आवश्यकता देखिएको छ । पाठ्यपुस्तकमा राखिएका विषयवस्तु र अभ्यास भाषा सिकाइका लागि पर्याप्त हुने गलत विश्वासका कारण पाठ्यक्रमको उपयोग नगरिएको निष्कर्ष प्राप्त भएको छ । यस अध्ययनले शिक्षकहरूलाई पाठ्यपुस्तकमा सीमित नभई पाठ्यक्रममा आधारित शिक्षण सिकाइतर्फ अभिप्रेरित गर्ने अपेक्षा राखिएको छ ।
लक्ष्मीप्रसाद Laxmi Prasad आचार्य Acharya
बालविकास कक्षामा भाषा सिकाइका सन्दर्भमा शैक्षिक सामग्रीको उपयोग
प्रस्तुत लेख भाषा सिकाइका क्रममा बालविकास कक्षामा प्रयोग गरिने शैक्षिक सामग्री प्रयोगको अध्ययनमा केन्द्रित छ । यो सुर्खेत जिल्ला वीरेन्द्रनगर नगरपालिकाभित्रका निजी र सामुदायिक गरी छओटा विद्यालयमा सञ्चालित बालविकास कक्षामा प्रयोग गरिएका शैक्षिक सामग्रीको प्रयोग र यसमा भइरहेका समस्या र समाधानका उपायहरू प्रस्तुत गर्ने उद्देश्यमा आधारित छ । यसका लागि वीरेन्द्रनगर नगरपालिकाभित्रका छओटा विद्यालयहरू छनोट गरी उक्त विद्यालयका बालविकास कक्षामा अध्यापनरत छ जना शिक्षक र छ जना प्रधानाध्यापकसँग अन्तर्वार्ता र छलफल गरिएको छ । यस किसिमले प्राप्त तथ्याङ्कको विश्लेषणबाट बालबिकास कक्षामा श्रव्यदृश्य सामग्री, पोष्टर, कागतका शब्दपत्ती, अङ्कपत्ती लगायतका सामग्री प्रयोगमा ल्याइएको छ । शैक्षिक सामग्रीको उपलब्धता पर्याप्त मात्रामा भए तापनि प्रयोगको मात्रा कमजोर देखिन्छ । यसमा विद्यार्थी सङ्ख्या र प्रयोग दक्षताको अभावका कारण शैक्षिक सामग्रीको प्रयोग गर्न झन्झट मानेका छन् । शिक्षकहरू कक्षाकोठामा भाषा कक्षामा शैक्षिक सामग्री उपयोगको सैद्धान्तिक ज्ञान र व्यावहारिक सीपको प्रयोग पूर्ण रूपमा सफल देखिँदैनन् । बालविकास कक्षामा शैक्षिक सामग्रीको सङ्कलन, निर्माण र प्रयोग सम्बन्धमा उनीहरूलाई प्रोत्साहित गर्नुपर्ने देखिन्छ ।
पूर्व आधुनिक नेपाली पद्य साहित्यको वैचारिक विश्लेषण
प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धनात्मक लेख पूर्वआधुनिक नेपाली पद्य साहित्यको अध्ययन विश्लेषणमा केन्द्रित रहेको छ । मध्यपश्चिम विश्वविद्यालय, ग्य्राजुएट स्कुल अफ एजुकेसन बी.एड.तह प्रथम सेमेस्टरको पाठ्यक्रममा नेपाली शिक्षा विशिष्टीकरण विषयका रुपमा पूर्वआधुनिक नेपाली पद्य साहित्यलाई पाठ्याशंमा सामावेश गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनमा पद्य विधा अन्तर्गत समावेश गरिएका साहित्यिक कृतिहरू केन्द्रीय कथ्य, भाव/विचार, आयाम, भाषाशैलीका आधारमा के कति उपयुक्त छन् भनी अध्ययन विश्लेषणमा केन्द्रित रहेको छ । यो अध्ययनलाई पूरा गर्न वर्णनात्मक विधि र गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान ढाँचामा द्वितीय स्रोतलाई आधार मानिएको छ । शैक्षिक वर्ष २०६९÷०७० देखि स्नातक तह प्रथम सेमेष्टरमा ऐच्छिक नेपाली विषय (नेपा.शि.४१४) को पूर्व आधुनिक नेपाली साहित्य विषयको पाठ्याशं अन्तर्गतका ३ वटा कवितालाई अध्ययनको मुख्य आधार बनाइएको छ । यस अध्ययनका लागि पुस्तकालय विधिको प्रयोग गरिएको छ । उक्त पद्य साहित्यलाई केन्द्रीय कथ्य, भाव/विचार, आयाम, भाषाशैली, सारतत्व र विधागत सचेतताका दृष्टिले वस्तुपरक विश्लेषण गरी कविता सम्बन्धित तहका लागि उपयुक्त रहेको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । यसमा कविता विधा, साहित्यिक कृति, भाव/विचार, सारतत्व, भाषाशैली, आयामलाई प्रमुख शब्दावलीको मूल आधार बनाइएको छ ।
जुम्ला जिल्लाका स्थाननामको अर्थतात्विक विश्लेषण
प्रस्तुत अध्ययन अनुसन्धानका उद्देश्य जुम्ला जिल्लाका स्थाननामको सङ्कलन गरी अर्थपरकविश्लेषण गर्नुमा केन्द्रितरहेको छ । यस लेखमामुख्य गरी क्षेत्रीय अध्ययन विधिको प्रयोग गरी स्थाननाम सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानमा गुणात्मक ढाँचाको प्रयोग गरिएको छ । जुम्ला जिल्लामा रहेका विभिन्न सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक, नृवंशात्मक, ऐतिहासिक, जलशायबोधक, भौगोलिक आधारमा स्थाननामको सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । उक्त स्थाननामलाई विभिन्न उपशीर्षक र तालिकीकरण गरी विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा सङ्कलन गरिएका जुम्ला जिल्लाका जम्मा ६७ वटा स्थाननामहरु रहेका छन् वनस्पतिबोधक स्थाननामहरू ४ ओटा रहेका छन् । इतिहास प्रस्तुत गर्ने स्थाननामहरू जम्मा ७ ओटा रहेका छन् । यसमा कोट शब्द लागेर बनेका ४ ओटा बनेका ऐतिहासिक सूचत्र स्थाननामहरू ३ ओटा रहेका छन् भने धार्मिक तथा सांस्कृतिक स्थाननामहरू ५ ओटा रहेका छन् । सामाजिक सन्दर्भ सूचक स्थाननामहरू जम्मा २० ओटा रहेका छन् । नेपाली र संस्कृत भाषाको प्रयोग भएका स्थाननामहरू रहेका छन् भने खस भाषाको प्रयोग भएका केही स्थाननामहरू रहेका छन् । भौगोलिक तात्पर्य सूचक सङ्कलित स्थाननामहरू १३ ओटा छन् । खस भाषा र नेपाली भाषाको प्रयोग भएका ८ ओटा स्थाननामहरू रहेका छन् । जलाशयबोधक स्थाननामहरू ५ ओटा रहेका छन् । संस्कृत भाषाको प्रयोग भएका स्नातनामहरू धेरै छन् । सङ्कलित ५ ओटा स्थाननामहरू जातजातिसँग सम्बन्धित छन् । नेपाली खस भाषाको प्रयोग भएका नामहरू धेरै छन् भने नेपाली र संस्कृत भाषाको प्रयोग भएका एउटा मात्र स्थान छ । यसरी जुम्ला जिल्लाका स्थाननाममा विभिन्न किसिमका सामाजिक, सांस्कृति, ऐतिहासिक तथा नृवंशात्मक स्थाननामले जुम्ला जिल्लाको पहिचानलाई महत्व दिएको छ ।
दलियकरणको प्रभावमा शिक्षण पेशाः एक विश्लेषण
शिक्षण संस्था भित्र राजनीति दलका भातृ संघ संगठनका कारण शिक्षक वा प्राध्यापकहरू आपसमा विभाजित भएको अवस्थामा शिक्षण पेशा अमर्यादित बनेको छ । शिक्षक र शिक्षण पेशालाई हेयको दृष्टिले हेर्ने अवस्था आएको छ। शिक्षण पेशामा युवाको आकर्षण छैन । यो अवस्था सृजना हुनमा शिक्षण संस्था भित्र दलिय राजनीतिको भूमिका छलफल गर्ने हेतुले यो लेख तयार गरिएको छ। यसका लागि शिक्षण पेशामा संलग्न र शिक्षण पेशालाई नजिकबाट निआलेका व्यक्तिका लेखन कार्यको अध्ययन वा पुनराबलोकन गरिएको छ । साथै लेखक विगत पन्ध्र बर्षदेखि सुर्खे त बहुमुखि क्याम्पस र दश बर्षदेखि मध्य पश्चिम विश्व विद्यालयमा आंशिक प्राध्यापकको रूपमा कार्यरत हुदा प्रत्यक्ष अवलोकन गरेका घटना र सहभागी भएका गतिविधिलाई समेत अध्ययनको स्रोत बनाइएको छ । विश्वविद्यालय वा क्याम्पसमा विभिन्न दलहरूसँग सम्बन्धित प्राध्यापक संगठनहरू र विद्यार्थी युनियनहरू छन् । प्राध्यापन पेशामा संलग्न आंशिक प्राध्यापक र स्थायी प्राध्यापकले कुनै न कुनै प्राध्यापक संगठनको सदस्यता लिएकै पाइयो । शिक्षण पेशामा संलग्न प्राध्यापकहरूमा कुनै प्राध्यापक संगठनको सदस्यता नलिए वा उनिहरूको सांगठनिक गतिविधिमा भाग नलिए भविष्यमा आउने वृति विकासको अवसरबाट बञ्चित हुनुपर्ने हो कि भन्ने डर भएको पाइयो । व्यक्तिले नचाहँदा नचाहँदै पनि कुनै न कुनै संगठनमा आवद्ध हुनु पर्ने बाध्यताको अवस्था सृजना भएको तथ्य देखियो । सत्ता र शक्तिको नजिक हुने दलसँग आवद्ध संगठनको बढदो प्रभाव हेरेर अवसरका लागि प्राध्यापकहरूले आफ्नो आवद्धता फेरबदल गर्ने गरेको पनि पाइयो । यसरी शिक्षण संस्थामा भएको दलियकरणको अभ्यासले शिक्षण पेशामा संलग्न व्यक्तिमा मनोबैज्ञानिक असर परेको तथ्य अवलत्तकन गर्न सकिन्छ । शिक्षण पेशा दलियकरणको भुमरीमा परेर शिक्षाको गुणस्तरमा प्रत्यक्ष असर पारे पनि सार्वजनिक शिक्षा र शिक्षण संस्था भित्रको दलियकरणको अन्त्य चुनौतिपूर्ण भएको कुरामा सरोकारवाला स्वीकारोक्ती छ ।