Interdisciplinary Journal of Management and Social Sciences
IJMSS is a publication of the Research Management Cell of Saraswati Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Research Management Cell (RMC), Saraswati Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University
Is Banks' Profitability Affected by Monetary and Investment Freedom of the Economy? Nepalese Prospective
This study tries to navigate the impact of total loan volume, net interest margin, non-interest income, number of branches of banks, and monetary and investment freedom on determining the profit of commercial banks in Nepal. It is based on secondary data from the World Bank and World Heritage Index, with 27 data points from 1998 to 2024. The co-integration test and fully modified least square method explore the long-run impact of independent variables on dependent variables. It is based on the causal correlational research design. It follows the positivist research philosophy and deductive reasoning. The co-integration analysis confirms the validity of long-run equilibrium relationships among the variables, thus pointing out their interrelationship and continuing influence on profitability. The profitability of Nepalese commercial banks is significantly positively influenced by total loan volume, non-interest revenue, net interest margin, and investment freedom. The profitability of Nepalese banks rises by 0.671, 0.061, and 0.737 percent for every one percent growth in total loan amount, non-interest income, and net interest margin, respectively. Similarly, bank profitability rises by 0.022 percent for every one percent increase in investment freedom. On the other hand, branch numbers adversely affect profitability, suggesting possible inefficiencies or financial strains associated with branch growth. The commercial banks' profit decreased by 0.654 percent with the one percent increase in branches of commercial banks. However, monetary freedom has not significantly impacted banks' earnings in Nepal. Policymakers and banking regulators should focus on enhancing loan portfolio management, optimizing net interest margins, promoting digital banking, ensuring efficient branch expansion, and aligning monetary policy reforms with broader economic goals to boost banking sector profitability.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Peace as an Event and Peace as Utopia: An Analysis on Mary Collins’ Ten Bells Street at War
This paper analyses the plight and predicament of local residents of one locality in the East End of London’s Ten Bells Street where people are scared during the World War ll. Mary Collins’ novel Ten Bells Street at War is an account of three childhood friends who have been scattered due to the consequences of the war which had completely devastated the whole of Europe. People like Rose, Becky and Bernie have been living a terrific life under the shadow of Adolf Hilter’s tyranny and everyone is found to have been looking for an ultimate solution to regain the possibility of peace and solidarity in which all European and non-European, Christians and Jews etc. can live together as brothers and sisters. In this paper, I analyse the problems of scattered people due to the terrific consequences of the war based on different grounds: What consequences led the people to live away from their own family, friends and relatives? What is the cause behind their separation? Why have they been encountering unspeakable suffering while the war was in utmost peak? How can the issue of peace and solidarity be prevailed in the war-torn society? Can they live their life peacefully hereafter? Such questions are discussed using relevant peace and war theories.
Service Quality Dimensions and Investors’ Perceptions of DEMAT Account Services in Nepal
This study investigates the impact of service quality dimensions on investors' perceptions of DEMAT account services in Nepal. Explanatory research design has been employed with quantitative approach. A structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data among the investors in the Nepal Stock Exchange using convenient sampling method and the constructs were validated for accuracy and reliability. The findings indicate that responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibility significantly influence investor satisfaction and trust, while reliability does not have a notable impact. These results highlight a shift in investor priorities within the digital financial ecosystem. Investors increasingly value quick support, personalized services, and well-designed digital platforms over traditional measures of reliability. This study provides practical recommendations for service providers to enhance customer experiences by focusing on real-time support, fostering trust, and offering user-friendly digital interfaces. By aligning their services with evolving investor expectations, providers can strengthen customer satisfaction and build long-term loyalty in the competitive financial services market. This research contributes to understanding investor behavior and offers insights for improving service quality in digital financial platforms.
Nexus between Vedic Scripture and Knowledge Creation Process in Vedic Philosophy
This article investigates the traces of Vedic and Vedantic claims of the source, origin, and processes involved in the creation of knowledge. This paper argues that perceptive experience, intuitive inference, and the testimony of the Vedas form the primary epistemology of transcendental knowledge. To examine this argument, it draws on the qualitative data pooled from an array of texts like the Vedic hymns, Upanishadic knowledge, the Bhagavad Gita, and the various critical comments on the Vedas as theoretical/conceptual tools. With the ascendancy of the Puranic age, mythology becomes prominent, overshadowing the Vedic epistemology of Shruti Parampara. Against this background, this article answers the problem of how the Vedanta, one of the most dominant worldviews of six systems of Eastern philosophy propounded by Shankara, examines the process of acquiring spiritual knowledge to attain the level of super-consciousness necessary to create valid knowledge. By problematizing the mythical conception of knowledge tradition as developed in the Puranic age, this study explores the steps of generating knowledge in the light of Shankar Vedanta and the Vedic tradition. Taking a lead from this cue, it concludes that consciousness, inference, and textual testimony of scriptural texts are integral components and valid processes of spiritual enlightenment.
Remittance-Driven Educational Choices: Trends in Nepal’s Private School Enrollment
The interplay between remittances, economic growth, and educational preferences has significantly shaped Nepal's private school enrollments over the last two decades. Remittances, a critical source of household income, have driven substantial changes in education accessibility, particularly in private schooling. This study investigates the relationship between remittance inflows, per capita GDP, and private school enrollments, emphasizing the socioeconomic dynamics and policy implications. This research employs a descriptive and analytical design, utilizing secondary data from 2000 to 2022. Key datasets include private school enrollments (Ministry of Finance), remittance inflows (Nepal Rastra Bank), per capita GDP (World Bank), and population growth rates. Statistical analyses involve trend evaluations, descriptive statistics, and correlation analysis to assess relationships among these variables. The findings reveal a strong positive correlation between remittances and private school enrollments (0.91) and between remittances and per capita GDP (0.97). Private school enrollments nearly tripled, increasing from 11.23% of total enrollments in 2000 to 29.67% in 2022. Rising remittances and GDP facilitated increased educational investments, particularly in private schools, but also highlighted regional and socioeconomic disparities. Population growth rates showed limited direct influence on enrollment trends. The study underscores the critical role of remittance-driven economic growth in shaping educational preferences while raising concerns about inequalities in access. Targeted policies to enhance public education, provide financial aid for disadvantaged families, and improve rural education infrastructure are essential to ensure equitable educational opportunities. The study’s findings align with prior research while offering a context-specific focus on Nepal’s education sector.
Strategic Cooperation of Sino-Indo Relations in the 21st Century after the 2020 Border Standoff
The purpose of the study is to examine Sino-Indo relations after the 2020 border standoff and aims to rethink their bilateral ties in the 21st century through a pragmatic approach. The design of the study is descriptive and explores the chronological dispute of Sino-Indo relations since 1962 onwards. The fact of the quantitative method also explores all sorts of both state relationships. The source of the study is secondary. The pattern of 3Ms [mutual respect, mutual sensitivity, and mutual interest] would reframe the 21st-century relations. Both China and India rethink their relations to enhance the theory of interdependence through robust engagements in the Panchsheel principle as well as political dialogue and debates with a consensus approach. The study shows that diplomatic ties define neither friends nor enemies/rivalry but always want a powerful and stable neighbor. This study determines the state strategy and balance of power. It is relevant to foreseeable research on border disputes and provides empirical insights about Hindi-Chini (Indians and Chinese brothers) relations. The study examines the exploratory variable of border dispute only. The finding provides a better understanding of the Sino-Indo however, the ties is going on abnormal after the border dispute issue. Theoretically, it drives equilibrium, but empirically, it is a rational behavior that matters.
Disability and Illness in Families: A Dual Burden of Caregiving and Health Challenges
Disability and illness represent intertwined human experiences. Each can serve as both a catalyst and an outcome for the other. Physical disability often results in reduced physical activity; the intensity of disability fosters despondency, while severe injury and chronic illness may evolve into enduring disability. Nevertheless, this paper endeavors to investigate the illness trajectory stemming from disability. Utilizing primary data gathered from a dozen of fully disabled members of different households by taking their interview, this study concludes that disability not only affects the individual but also instigates illness among other family members. It is not only stressful for the particular person but also becomes a stress for the family. Frequently, individuals with disabilities endure health complications, while their caregivers experience heightened levels of stress. The intersection of illness in disabled persons and stress in their caregivers underscores that disability is not merely an individual issue but a social issue, because since the impact of disability affects the entire family unit it goes out of the personal level and becomes a social issue.
The Impact of Study Abroad Programs on Local Communities in Nepal: A Case Study Approach
This study looks at to analyse the socio-cultural and economic impacts of study abroad programs on local communities in Nepal and to examine how the migration of students for education abroad influences local resource allocation and community development in Nepal. It investigates the knock-on effects on labor markets, community development, and cultural practices using a qualitative exploratory design. Semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and secondary sources such as government documents and regional economic indicators were some of the techniques utilized to collect data. The findings indicate that the out-migration of skilled labor, particularly in the agricultural, community-based, and small company sectors, has resulted in a notable decline in local productivity. Additionally, a decline in cultural participation has eroded social ties and customs. Furthermore, the dearth of qualified experts has increased the burden on economic activity, which has slowed down market expansion and local development. This was well illustrated by the research, which found that migration for education has far-reaching effects that go beyond a person's academic pursuits since it upends established economies and local labor markets. It was discovered that developing countries plagued by this issue exhibit a variety of signs of their diminishing cultures due to modernization. The report emphasizes the need for policies that protect cultural assets and makes a demand for the implementation of proactive measures to maintain competent human resources through local employment and educational opportunities. Future studies should examine the long-term effects of migration, the reintegration of returning migrants, and an evaluation of Nepal's current brain drain policies.
Deception, Desire, and Society in Restoration Comedy "The Country Wife"
The Restoration libertines were the successors of the Lucretian philosophical tradition, which emphasized the pursuit of physical and sensory pleasure in life. The primary objective of the libertines was to attain sexual pleasure by emancipating sexuality from societal constraints and the institution of marriage. In The Country Wife, a Restoration comedy by William Wycherley, the play's lewd humor and fast-paced plot center around a rake named Horner who feigns impotence to seduce women in the city. The story unfolds with elements of deception, jealousy, and societal critique, reflecting the Restoration period's focus on leisure and the arts. Through witty dialogue and sexual innuendos, the play explores the complexities of relationships and societal norms, challenging Puritan ideals and emphasizing the pursuit of pleasure and entertainment. The narrative unfolds with Horner orchestrating various schemes to pursue romantic interests while navigating the intrigues of high society. The juxtaposition of city life with country innocence adds depth to the characters' motivations and actions, creating a comical yet insightful commentary on human nature and desire during the Restoration era. Overall, The Country Wife remains a classic example of Restoration comedy, blending satire, humor, and social commentary to entertain and provoke thought among audiences.
Knowledge and Practices of Hairdressers about Occupational Safety and Health in Kaski District
Hairdressers are exposed to various occupational hazards, including physical, chemical, and biological risks, which can lead to skin disorders, respiratory issues, and communicable diseases. This cross-sectional study assessed the knowledge and practices of hairdressers regarding occupational safety and health (OSH) in Kaski district, Nepal. A total of 60 salon workers from urban and rural areas were surveyed using a semi-structured questionnaire and direct observations. The findings revealed a satisfactory level of OSH awareness overall, with urban workers demonstrating significantly higher awareness compared to their rural counterparts. Most participants (83.3%) acknowledged the role of contaminated tools in spreading skin diseases, and 96.7% identified razors as potential sources of contamination. However, gaps in the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and adherence to hygiene practices were observed, particularly among rural workers. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) were prevalent due to prolonged standing and repetitive motions, highlighting the need for ergonomic training. Furthermore, the study emphasized the importance of training and education in improving OSH practices, as workers with formal training exhibited better safety practices. The findings align with global research, underscoring the urgent need for targeted interventions, stricter regulations, and comprehensive training programs to enhance workplace safety and health in the hairdressing profession. Future research should explore the long-term impacts of these measures to promote a safer working environment.
Utopian Socialist Thought as the Foundation of Marxist Perspective
This paper demonstrates that Utopian Socialist Thought serves as the foundation for the scientific socialist theories advanced by the prominent German thinkers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The primary tenets of utopian socialist thought encompass the abolition of private property and the establishment of communal ownership of material goods and productive resources. Key Marxist texts, such as The Communist Manifesto, have prominently articulated the concepts of abolishing private property and establishing common ownership of natural resources and material goods. However, the foundational contributions that introduced these ideas were made by early utopian socialist thinkers, who are often overlooked in these discussions. In discussing the theory of historical dialectical materialism, there is frequent citation of Hegel's Idealism, while the long-standing Utopian Socialist concepts, such as communal ownership of property, are notably excluded. This paper examines the contributions of Utopian Socialist Thought, including the "Testament" of Jean Meslier, the concepts of "Equality Before the Law" and "Equality of Needs" proposed by French thinker Gabriel Bonnot de Mably, Morelly's Code of Nature, and the Babeufism of François Noël Babeuf, asserting their foundational role in the development of Marxist Theory of Scientific Socialist Mode of Production.
Unlocking Employee Potential: Effectiveness of Incentive Practices in Nepalese Banks through Expectancy Theory
This study explores how incentives shape employee performance in Nepal’s banking sector. To better understand this, 323 bank employees shared their experiences and insights through structured questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using statistical methods like multiple regression and correlation analyses, focusing on three key types of incentives: pay, promotion, and moral recognition. The results paint a clear picture: pay stands out as the most influential factor in boosting employee performance, closely followed by moral incentives like appreciation and recognition. Surprisingly, promotion opportunities don’t seem to make much of a difference. This indicates that employees in Nepal’s banks place greater value on tangible rewards and being acknowledged for their efforts rather than on advancement opportunities. By offering better pay packages and making employees feel valued through moral incentives, banks can create a more motivated and productive workforce. These findings align with the principles of Expectancy Theory, which emphasize that employees are most motivated when they see rewards as both clear and desirable. This study provides practical advice for Nepal’s banking sector: prioritize fair compensation and genuine recognition to improve employee satisfaction and drive organizational success.
Navigating the Complexities of Body Image in Young Adults and Their Self-Acceptance
Body image encompasses individuals' perceptions and beliefs regarding their own physical appearance. It is shaped by personal and cultural factors and can manifest in either a positive or negative manner. Satisfaction with body image is associated with interpersonal success, happiness, healthier lifestyle, enhanced performance, and improved self-esteem. Dissatisfaction with body image stems from the gap between an individual's perceived and ideal physique. Factors such as media representations, social influences, and appearance-related ideal-type of teasing contribute to the development of negative body image, which can adversely affect both mental and physical health. The psychological construct of body image represents the underlying mental representation individuals possess regarding their bodies, shaping self-perception and their physical appearance. Individual perspectives on body image are expected to vary based on culture, race, age, education, profession, or social network; however, research reveals gender as the most significant factor. This paper presents the findings of primary research conducted with two dozen of young adults, who were interviewed regarding their satisfaction with their current body image and the underlying influencing factors. Body image satisfaction was found to be influenced by self-assessment of the body, health status, impression management, and other social factors. Participants' diverse perspectives underscore the complex interaction among social feedback and societal norms in shaping individual perceptions of beauty and attractiveness.
Political and Socio-economic Relations between China and Maldives in the Early 21st Century
The continuous rivalry among the most powerful nations in the Indian Ocean region is not a new idea in modern times. IOR has important marine commerce routes that link with South Asian nations and cover one-fifth of the world's total ocean area. Over the last three decades, China's nautical footprint in the Indian Ocean has grown significantly. Many people believe that the "Open Door Policy" was a turning point in China's 19th-century economic growth history. But in the twenty-first century, Beijing is trying to forge closer relationships with smaller governments in the area to protect their own economic and security interests via the adoption of new, positive policies. The "Treasure Island, or Last Paradise on Earth" Maldives is one of the small islands in IOR. Due to its unique geographical location, the Maldives maintains a close connection with China. China's "Red Dragon or Sleeping Giant" has maintained a warm relationship with the tiny and serene Maldives. We try to observe the traditional and modern relations between China and the Maldives. China's economy relies on the safe maritime lanes in the IOR to deliver energy resources. China always shows interest in the Maldives. This article explores how China has maintained its political and socioeconomic ties with the Maldives since 1972, as well as how the Maldives have recognized its geographic importance in the Indian Ocean region. It also discusses the role of China’s government in helping the Maldivians develop projects through MOUs. It also focuses on enhancing the relationship between the Maldives and China.
Does Financial Constraints Matter to Youth Entrepreneurship in Kathmandu?
This study aims to investigate the financial barriers faced by young entrepreneurs in Kathmandu. A quantitative methods approach was employed. The survey targeted a sample of 215 young entrepreneurs, while in-depth survey were conducted with participants to gain deeper insights into their experiences with accessing finance. The result showed that entrepreneurial skill has significant positive relationship with youth entrepreneurship development. Likewise, rules and regulation has a positive and significant effect. Similarly, access to finance showed a significant positive contribution to youth entrepreneurship development. Education and training demonstrated a positive and statistically significant impact on youth entrepreneurship development in Kathmandu. The study concludes that financial barriers severely limit the potential for youth entrepreneurship in Kathmandu. Without adequate financial support and resources, young entrepreneurs struggle to establish and maintain viable businesses. The findings underscore the need for targeted policies that enhance access to financial resources for young entrepreneurs, such as microfinance options and government-backed loans. Furthermore, promoting entrepreneurial education and training can empower youth to navigate these challenges effectively, ultimately contributing to economic growth in Nepal.
Challenges and Opportunities of Continuing Girl's Education in Nepal
Girls’ education in Nepal, particularly in rural areas, remains a significant challenge despite various national and international efforts to promote girls’ education. This study aims to examine the socio-cultural, economic, and institutional factors that have affected girls’ education in rural areas. The data were collected from five community schools using a mixed-method approach. Formal and informal communications with students, parents, teachers, and community members were employed to make the description concise and precise. Quantitative data were collected from surveys, and qualitative insights were obtained from interviews, focus group discussions, and observations. The finding revealed that deeply rooted sociocultural norms, economic hardships, and gender-based discrimination are the primary barriers to girls' education. More household responsibilities, less priority for school education, and frequently subjected to early marriage against the law are the hindering factors of girls' education. Regardless of the government’s free education policy, many families cannot afford supplementary educational costs like uniforms and stationery. Gender stereotypes favoring sons over daughters, insufficient female teachers, and a less supportive school environment have maintained dropout rates. The study highlights critical strategies to address these challenges, including raising community awareness about the value of girls’ education, providing scholarships, ensuring access to free educational materials, increasing female representation among teachers, and implementing empowerment programs. These interventions, with gender equality policies, can mitigate the barriers and foster a supportive environment for girls’ education. The research contributes to the broader discourse on educational equity and emphasizes the transformative potential of targeted, context-sentiment interventions in advancing girls’ education in Nepal.
Impact of Work Environment and Job Satisfaction on Quality of Work Life (QWL) on Private School Teachers in Tokha Municipality, Nepal
The existing literature has provided unanimous results on work environment, job satisfaction and quality of work life on employees in the academic domain. Thus, the study aims to determine the effect of the work environment and job satisfaction on the quality of work life of private school teachers in Tokha, Kathmandu, Nepal. Need satisfaction theory aims to provide actionable insights for improving the quality of work life. The descriptive and causal research designs have been adopted. The data is collected from 109 respondents from the Tokha area using the purposive sampling method. The sample has been drawn based on the participation of teachers in the survey. The study found a significant positive relationship between work environment, job satisfaction, and quality of work life. By aligning the work environment and satisfaction styles or levels, organizations can foster a positive workplace and culture, improve relation rates, and ultimately thrive in the present era. Enhancing working conditions and strengthening training programs, providing a concise overview of the findings and implications for improving teachers' quality of work life. The study findings emphasized practical implication to stakeholders by improving working conditions and professional development. So, investing in the quality of work life for teachers is a strategic imperative that enhances both the well-being of educators and the educational outcomes for students, underscoring the importance of addressing the quality of work life.
Does Temperature and Rainfall Asymmetrically affect Wheat Production in Nepal? Using NARDL Model Approach
Wheat production in Nepal is highly sensitive to climatic variability, particularly temperature and rainfall. This study examines the asymmetric impacts of these climatic factors on wheat yields using the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model. A quantitative research design was employed, analyzing time-series data from 1990 to 2022. The NARDL model was used to capture both short- and long-term asymmetric effects of temperature and rainfall on wheat yield. Diagnostic and stability tests ensured the robustness of the model. The findings reveal that positive temperature changes significantly reduce wheat yields in the short term (coefficient: -2483.80, p < 0.01), followed by a compensatory positive effect in subsequent periods (coefficient: 2935.31, p < 0.01). Negative temperature changes and rainfall variability, both positive and negative, were statistically insignificant in their impacts. The model’s R-squared value of 0.972 highlights its strong explanatory power. The results underscore the critical role of temperature in influencing wheat productivity, with rainfall’s limited impact suggesting effective water management practices. These findings align with global studies on climate resilience but highlight unique adaptation mechanisms in Nepal. This study emphasizes the need for heat-tolerant wheat varieties and enhanced irrigation systems to mitigate climatic stressors. The use of the NARDL model offers novel insights into the asymmetric dynamics of climatic factors, advancing methodologies in climate-agriculture research.
Impact of Financial Indicators on Nepalese Commercial Bank Stock Prices
This study examines the impact of key financial factors price-to-earnings ratio, book value per share, dividend rate, earnings yield, and market-to-book value ratio on the market prices of Nepalese commercial banks. Using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression models, data from 209 annual observations spanning the fiscal years 2013/14 to 2023/24, provided by all Nepalese commercial banks listed on the Nepal Stock Exchange, were analyzed. The findings reveal a significant positive relationship between market price and both the price-to-earnings ratio and book value per share, indicating these variables play a critical role in determining stock prices. While the market-to-book value ratio, earnings yield, and dividend rate also demonstrated positive correlations, their impacts were less pronounced. These results emphasize the importance of profitability and valuation metrics in guiding investors' decision-making processes in the Nepalese stock market.
Nietzsche’s Influence on Character Design in Women in Love: A Philosophical Exploration
This paper attempts to examine philosophical infusion in D. H. Lawrence’s novel Women in Love. It examines how Lawrence has been influenced by Neitzsche's philosophy in his character portrayal in his novel. It also looks at how Lawrence shapes his characters in his novel borrowing the ideas from Nietzsche. Nietzsche's key philosophical ideas are used to the creation of characters in Women in Love. This study presents a fresh analysis of the text and opens the door for further research by analyzing the novel through the spectacles of Nietzsche's philosophy. It fosters a greater knowledge of both the literary works and Nietzsche's philosophical ideas by encouraging researchers to go deeper into classic literature and study English novels from a Nietzschean perspective. It promotes a deeper understanding of both the literary works and Nietzsche's philosophical concepts. This paper explores how Lawrence skillfully incorporates Nietzsche's philosophy into his character portrayal by opening up new avenues for philosophically informed literary analysis of classic literature. It also contributes to the understanding of classic literature and the application of philosophical concepts to literary works. Readers might understand the themes and characters of Lawrence's novels in a new way by applying Nietzschean concepts to the book. This paper sheds light on the intellectual framework of the story and divulges further levels of meaning. It expands the field of literary studies by making it easier to conduct comparative studies between different authors and philosophies. This approach promotes interdisciplinary study and more cohesive academic discourse by bridging the gaps between literature and philosophy. Furthermore, it encourages interdisciplinary research, bridging the gap between literature and philosophy, and fostering a more comprehensive academic discourse. Overall, it aims to foster a better, more comprehensive understanding of the interplay between literature and philosophy.
Demographics-Urbanization Interrelationship in Nepal
In order to understand demographic-urbanization interrelationship in the Nepalese context based on three sources of data (e.g., World Bank, UN and 2021 National Population and Housing Census), the article presented some demographic variables (e.g., crude birth rate, fertility rate, life expectancy at birth, infant mortality, and migration) and percentage of urban population residing in Nepal during 1960-2022. These demographics played vital role in the level of urbanization. The plausible reason is that crude birth rates, fertility rates, and infant mortality rate have been declining gradually whereas life expectancy at birth and migration rates have been rising since 1960-2022. The paper also reviewed definition of urbanization in Nepal, indicating there is problems of definition of urbanization in Nepal. The sister organization of Government of Nepal (GoN), e.g., National Statistics Office (NSO) has introduced 3-categrory of new classification (e.g. urban, per-urban and rural) based on wards of municipals. The paper suggests that such classifications are significant to carry out research in the future in addition to restructuring the existing urban-rural definitions.
Disability and Poverty: Impacts on Families in Nepal
People with disabilities are rarely seen as relaxed. Barriers, illnesses, shortage, neglect, stigma, stress, marginalization, oppression, exclusion, and similar adversities are very common conditions, which these people do typically encounter. Furthermore, families must also respond to disability – through either adaptation or resistance. Families adapting to disability must strive to maintain equilibrium despite potential challenges and stigma they may encounter, while rejecting the notion of disability denies its existence as a socially constructed disadvantaged reality. In many respects, families in Nepal assume the entire social and financial burden associated with disability, indicating that they have been compelled to adapt to the challenges of disability while enduring significant hardships due to the limited responsibilities assumed by the state. Thus, the role of disability in influencing family dynamics emerges as a crucial area of research, which this paper seeks to elucidate. This paper analyzes the ways in which disability impacts households and the extent to which these households adjust to the presence of disability. Drawing on some qualitative data gathered through comprehensive interviews, this study contends that persons with disabilities have endured a distressing life and their families have gradually become entwined with poverty. Therefore, disability should be viewed as a macro social concern, rather than solely an individual issue, when considering its impact on the family.
This article titled Characterization of the Novel ‘Ular’ aims to analyze the characters of the Ular novel on the basis of gender, action, tendency, nature, consciousness of life, proximity, affiliation, dimension, environment, originality, personality, reaction and relativity. This study is qualitative in nature. This study is presented in a descriptive style. Since it is found that more male characters are used in this novel than female characters on the basis of gender, it seems that the novel depicts a patriarchal society. Since there are more secondary characters than main characters and supporting characters in this novel on the basis of role or action, it seems that only a few people are dominant in society, that is, it seems that equality is not maintained in society. The fact that more favorable characters appear in this novel than unfavorable characters reveals the positive trend of society. Since many characters appear on stage and only a few characters appear in the background in this novel, it seems that the novel is moving towards a direct depiction of society. Since all the characters except Premlalwa are motionless in terms of nature, this novel seems to be unable to depict the dynamic trends of today's modern people. In terms of life consciousness, all the characters in this novel are of a class nature, so it seems that the novel represents different classes of society. In terms of affiliation, since free characters are used more than bound characters, it seems that many people in society are of an independent nature. Since flat characters are used more than round characters in this novel, there is a greater presence of simple characters in this novel. Since all the characters in this novel are of a relative nature, the lively characters of society are depicted in the novel. The use of regional characters seems to have made this novel regional. Although there are some famous characters in this novel, their roles are not traditional and are only nominal, so it seems that original characters are used here. Although some crooked characters from the wealthy class appear to have mysterious characters in this novel, most of the characters are of a primitive nature, so it seems that the novel uses understandable characters. Since few characters are extroverted in nature to express their feelings in front of society, many characters are in an environment where they cannot express their feelings.
A Comparative Study of Traditional and Postmodern Perspectives on the Yashodhara Drama
In most of the mythological and medieval texts, the author has given prominence to the courageous male protagonist instead of the female character. Be it Hindu or Buddhist texts, female characters have been overlooked or ignored, but in Nepali literature, over the past fifty years, heroine-dominated dramas have been written, giving a central place to the entire being of female characters. In the present study, playwright Kali Prasad Rijal's Yashodhara (2059) Geetha Natak and Sharada Subba's Yashodhara (2065) drama have been taken as evidence material to conduct a comparative character study of the traditional and postmodern perspectives of Yashodhara drama. The concept of comparative criticism has been used as the basis for analyzing the evidence material. Comparative research method has been used in this. The style of presenting the same fact and character varies from author to author. The same object can be presented with the same or different perspectives. In this study, the Yashodhara drama has been studied and the character of Yashodhara has been studied comparatively. Kali Prasad Rijal has portrayed Yashodhara's character according to the traditional idealistic system, while Sharada Subba has portrayed Yashodhara's constructed character under postmodern consciousness. Portraying Yashodhara's character according to the idealistic system and portraying Yashodhara's constructed character under postmodern consciousness are completely different things. This is the main conclusion of this article.
Class Power Relations in the Story 'Lahuri Bhaisi'
The presented research article focuses on the analysis of class power relations expressed in the story titled ‘Lahuri Bhainsi’ written by storyteller Ramesh Bikal. The necessary materials for this article have been collected from library sources and conclusions have been reached through qualitative methods after reading and analyzing the story. The article has made a theoretical analysis of class power relations and analyzed the class status, class consciousness, class interests, and class discrimination and exploitation of the characters used in this story. In the course of the analysis, the characters have been analyzed by linking class with the economic status of the characters and by analyzing the class of the characters, it has been pointed out that the form of class consciousness and class consciousness in this story is clear in the upper class and somewhat vague and mixed in the lower class, and it has been concluded that the consciousness of the lower class is divided due to the dominance of the upper class in the means of production and social justice and knowledge. Thus, due to the inequality of class consciousness, the class power relations are unbalanced, and the life of the lower classes has become problematic, class discrimination, oppression and exploitation have reached their peak in society, and due to the lack of class consciousness among the lower class characters, the consciousness of class interests has become weak and divided, which has contributed to class discrimination, oppression and exploitation, and the class power relations have become unbalanced, and the life of the lower classes has become subordinate.
Dialogue Context in the Story of Two Women from Lachumanpur
The present study is related to discourse context analysis. The objective of this study is to analyze the physical and cognitive discourse contexts in the story ‘Lachmunpurka Dui Nari’ collected in Madanmani Dixit’s Shwetakali story collection. Discourse context analysis can be performed for any text. The presented story is also a text. This story presents physical contexts such as place, time, place, participant and social, economic, religious-cultural and ideological cognitive contexts. Therefore, this story is a suitable work to analyze on the basis of discourse context. Therefore, this article analyzes the discourse contexts presented in the story ‘Lachmunpurka Dui Nari’. For the analysis of the presented story, the basic principles of discourse analysis have been adapted and textual analysis has been carried out. Primary and secondary sources have been studied, analyzed and interpreted using the inductive method. Both physical and cognitive contexts are presented in the story. The Lachumanpur village located in the Bara district of the Terai, the well there, Raghubir's hut, the khatiya in the Osara, the cold hut, the school, the family home and the husband's home are the spatial contexts. The morning, afternoon, evening, the time of lighting the lamp, the night, etc. of the month of Chaitra indicate the temporal context in the story. The story presented is an incident that occurred during two hours of the evening. Musaharani, Kurmini, Raghubir and Dhanraj indicate the participatory context. The spatial, temporal, temporal and participatory contexts presented also indicate the cognitive context. Under this, they indicate the social, economic, religious-cultural and ideological contexts. It is concluded in this article that the story has become more powerful due to these physical and cognitive contextual contexts presented in the story.