Academic View, Journal of TUTA Tri-Chandra Campus Unit
Academic View, Journal of TUTA Tri-Chandra Campus Unit is a double blind peer reviewed journal published annually by Tribhuvan University Teachers’ Association (TUTA) Tri-Chandra Campus Unit, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu, Nepal. The main purpose of the Journal is to contribute a body of knowledge by providing a forum for critical reflection on the transformative role of education on development in general and professional development in particular discipline.
Tribhuvan University Teacher's Association(TUTA), Tri-Chandra Campus Unit
A Short Glance on Public Enterprises in Nepal
This article deals with Public Enterprises, types, performances, and its reflections on the Nepalese context. Public Enterprises are entities with specific objectives involving government ownership and control through public authority. PEs have been established in Nepal for economic and balanced development through performing specific business functions. This article claims that the number of PEs grew from the period of Nepal’s first five-year plan, which was reduced after adopting liberalization and privatization policy in the era of multiparty democracy. The main objective of this article is to trace out the scenarios of Public Enterprises, its challenges and their opportunities. It has applied the review-based analysis as a methodological part. Most PEs are running under huge losses, very few have operating excellent performances and public notice. The major challenges for PEs in Nepal are heavy political interference, government and remuneration policy, lack of transparency and accountability, low commercial expertise, and nepotism with bureaucratic organizational structure. The PEs are a tool for implementing government policy as well as an agent for market control and competition in a positive aspect. Improvement in the fundamentals of PEs is necessary for them to sustain in a competitive market and be serviceable to society. Efficiency-based remuneration and recognition motivate the individual to take risks and contribute to the national economy.
Copyright (c) 2023 Academic View, Journal of TUTA Tri-Chandra Campus Unit
A Sociological Analysis of Nepalese Banking: Historical Perspective
In the context of Nepal, banking is basically understood to provide loan and accept deposit centering on interest. So, banking and interest are two inseparable parts. This article aims to view banking and interest from a sociological perspective. There are many sociological explanations about banking practices but they have not been adequately documented and analyzed, especially in the context of Nepal. This is the statement of the problem. Even those documents that do exist provide only provide indirect explanations on the matter. Is interest system solely economic or do there exist other non-economic factors as well? This is the research question here. This article aims to find out how sociological aspects like gender, religion, caste and special age group influence banking and interest. And finally this article finds out that interest system is uniquely tied to the aforementioned sociological aspects.
A Study on Export Effectiveness: A Case Study of Nepal
Historically, in many countries around the world exports have a significant role in contributing to employment generation and sustain economic growth. So, this research analyses the effectiveness of export in Nepal by using a regression analysis for the periods of 1975-2021 of 47 annual time series. According to empirical findings, Nepalese RGDP has an inverse impact on export while RGDP of India, exchange rate of US Dollar and trade liberalization are insignificant. So, there is a need for structural transformation to improve productivity, reduce cost of factor inputs and create the right business as well as business friendly policy, favorable exchange rate, legal and political atmosphere to attract efficient business activity along with good governance which ultimately increases GDP growth; employment, export and capital inflows respectively in national economy and that improve quality of life.
Analysis of Biosorption of Zn (II) ions onto Chemically Modified Saw Dust By using Various Parameters
This study explored biosorption study of Zn (II) onto raw saw dust (RSD) and modified saw dust (MSD) prepared by using saw dust. The adsorption capacity was determined at equilibrium with the help of batch adsorption technique using different parameters like pH of solution, contact time of adsorbent, initial concentration of metal ions and biosorbent dose. Spectrophotometric analysis of resultant sample shows that the loading capacity of adsorbent increases as the pH value increases attaining maximum adsorption at pH 6. The zinc adsorption on both raw and modified adsorbent was found to follow pseudo second order kinetics. The contact time at equilibrium for the adsorption was found to be at 60 and 120 mins respectively. Maximum percentage removal of Zn (II) was found to be 54.23% for RSD which increases up to 66.6 % for MSD maximum at 0.15g of adsorbent in 20 ml metal solution. The results indicate that the chemically modified saw dust can be a low cost alternative to commercial adsorbents for the Zn (II) removal from its aqueous solution.
Comparative Study of Soil Organic Carbon in Forest of National Park and Sacred Grove in Kathmandu Valley
Soil organic carbon (SOC) represents a significant fraction of the global carbon pool and is vital for understanding the ecosystem functions that occur in soils. Forest types and management can have a significant impact on soil organic matter and, as a result, soil organic carbon. However, comparative studies of SOC with respect to forest management have been carried out to a limited extent. Thus, the study was carried out in the Shivapuri-Nagarjun forest and the pine forest of Gokarneshwor with the aim of comparing the SOC of the Shivapuri forest of Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park and the pine forest of Gokarneshwor. Soil samples were collected by the stratified random sampling method. The composite samples from the depths of 0–10 cm and 10–15 cm were taken, mixed properly, air dried, and tested in the laboratory. Soil organic carbon was measured using the modified Walkley and Black methods. The soil organic carbon of the Shivapuri-Nagarjun forest was found to be 91.11 tons/ha, and the pine forest was found to be 34.77 tons/ha on average. Further analysis interlinking plant residue and microbial activities and their implications for soil organic carbon could be beneficial in forest management decisions
Eco-tourism involves visiting unique natural habitats with the purpose of aiding conservation efforts and observing wildlife. There are several benefits of eco-tourism which include the conservation of the environment, a rise in funding by the government, cultural exchange, and support for local businesses. The principal tourism activities in Nepal are mountain climbing, trekking, visiting religious and cultural sites, rafting, bungee jumping, rock climbing, jungle safari, and so on. Ecotourism in Nepal depends on coordinated policies, integrated conservation, and sustainable community development, requiring international and grassroots collaboration to maximize benefits while conserving natural beauty. Various projects have been organized to develop eco-tourism in Nepal. Some of the major projects that have been organized are Ghalegaon-Sikles Ecotourism Project, Annapurna Conservation Area Project, Kanchenjunga Community Based Ecotourism Project, Manaslu Nature Based Ecotourism Project and Upper Mustang Biodiversity Conservation Project.
Estimation of Nitrite (NO2−), Phosphate (PO34−) and Sulfate (SO24−) in Soil Samples of Kathmandu Valley and Western Nepal
Title: Estimation of Nitrite (NO2−), Phosphate ( PO34− ) and Sulfate ( SO24− ) in Soil Samplesof Kathmandu Valley and Western Nepal Soil is a dynamic resource that interacts with the ecosystems such as water, air, flora and fauna that influence plant, life on earth. Soil fertility largely affects agriculture, plant and animal productivity. It requires to preserve water and air quality to sustain human health and habitation. Nitrite, phosphate, and sulfate of soil samples from 10 different places were estimated. Nitrite was analyzed by the addition of benzidine, hydrochloric acid solution, dimethylaniline followed by the addition of NaOH, a pink red colored azo dye was formed and was measured spectrophotometrically in the range of 0.068 to 0.213 mg/L. At a pH of 8.5 the available phosphates were extracted with sodium bicarbonate solution and acidified with H2SO4. In the presence of ammonium molybdate and hydrazine hydrate, a light blue colored ammonium phosphomolybdate complex was formed and was measured by spectrophotometer in the range of 0.158 to 0.279 mg/L. In presence of excess of BaCl2, sulfate ion was then determined by turbidimetry method in the range of 0.130 to 0.271 mg/L.
Ethnic Movement in Nepal: Interactions Between State and Non-State Actors
This paper aims to explore the nature and role of ethnic movements taken place in Nepal. It basically highlights the pattern of interactions between state and non-state actors participated in ethnic movements. In the backdrop of the essence of rise and extent of influence, authors have explored the result experienced by the participants in this movement. It has further depicted the realms of change induced in the causation of ethnic movement. Trajectories of movements, forms of these movement, focus of movements and the collectivity generated in movement have also been investigated here in this paper.
Fundamental Reasons for Gender Discrimination in Nepalese Societies
Gender is constructed in the circumstances of particular socio-economic arrangements and gets transmitted through a process of collective and social learning. Women and men are biologically as well as socially and culturally different which has led to involvement in different gender dealings. The well-managed system of gender inequality, differentiation, stratification, and discrimination, in which there is an uneven gender construction and distribution of rewards and punishment logic and treatment between men and women existed throughout all Nepali cultures including modern or so-called modern ones. The socialization of Nepali womanhood and manhood is associated with the connections and interconnections of caste/ethnic groups, religion, education, occupation, tradition, culture, and deep-rooted and embedded patriarchal ideologies and practices. The ideological representations of gender and gender socialization are central to the exercise of patriarchal values, cultural beliefs, and economic domination. While sociologists and feminists study the collective social inequalities and variations, they attempt to understand how different forms of unfairness interconnect and affect each other. In the same way, it is very difficult to realize gender suppression and subordination without also looking at the practice of men and women in diverse social milieus such as caste/ethnic groups, occupation, education, religion, and other social categories. In this context, this study provides an analysis of the main causes of the construction of gender discrimination and discriminatory gender relationships in Nepali societies within the background of different socio-cultural dimensions and standpoints.
Gender and Migration Gendered Dynamics of Male Labour Migration: Assessing Impacts on Women's Empowerment in the Nepalese Context
This article offers a brief summary of the changes in the lives of Nepalese women due to the increasing trend of men migrating abroad for work in Nepal. Primarily centred on the economic benefits derived from remittances, shifts in intra-household power dynamics, and an exploration of women's roles as household leaders, financial managers, and single parents, the article sheds light on their experiences in a society historically limiting their freedom. However, it tends to overlook changes in intra-household power dynamics and the impact of the predominantly male nature of Nepalese migration on women's lives. The analysis draws insights from secondary data and literature reviews. The study's outcomes may contribute to a gendered understanding of migration consequences, empowering women with awareness to navigate challenges arising from men's migration. A review of various literary works suggests that male migration both supports and hinders women's empowerment. While women gain opportunities such as decision-making, mobility, and assuming household leadership, they also bear the burden of traditionally male responsibilities, with left-behind women living with in-laws experiencing limited freedom compared to those without such constraints.
Impact of Vocational Training for Women Empowerment
Vocational training involves acquiring specific skills and knowledge, turning individuals into skill-based workers capable of generating income through their expertise. This study, titled "Impact of Vocational Training for Women Empowerment," aimed to explore whether such training programs contribute to women's social and economic independence. Additionally, the research sought to understand the reasons behind women opting for skill-based work and whether these trainings lead to positive changes in their lives. The study delved into various aspects related to women, the challenges hindering their development and growth, as well as national and international policies concerning women and informal workers. It particularly focused on the current situation of skill-based female workers in Mahankal Rural Municipality, Lalitpur district. The study discovered that through vocational training women are enabled and can meet the individual prerequisites of themselves and other relatives since they approach the right to family decision-making, financial opportunity, and freedom. This demonstrates how the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 5, which primarily focuses on achieving gender equality and women's empowerment, has been helped along by the development of vocational skills.
Local Government Plan Formulation Process in Federalism
It has been more than 7 decades since planned development started in Nepal. Meanwhile, 10 five-year plans and 5 three-year plans have been implemented. Despite the implementation of so many plans, the people's expectations could not be fully realized. Although some economic and social foundations have been built during this period, the people have not been able to feel the development as expected. In the 21st century, the plan has gained great importance such as achieving sustainable economic development, reducing unemployment ,alleviating poverty, and maintaining regional balance. At first it was considered as an economic program of a communist country, due to the economic recession, all developed and developing capitalist countries felt the need for economic planning. After the said recession, the construction and implementation of plans started in different ways in almost all countries, In a busy sense, the population consist of the knowledge, skill, creativity, attitude and talent of the people in a nation. Based on this concept of population the plan is formulated, and the foundation stone of local level capacity development is also built.
Perceptions, Behaviors and Food habits of Young Generation in Brahman Community: A Case Study from Kathmandu Valley
Eating behavior is strongly influence by social setting, time convenience, norms, values and personal preferences as well. Age is the most important determinant factors of food choice. So in this paper I have discussed about food choices of young generation among Brahmans social group. information was collected during my fieldwork of MPhil dissertation in 2014 by using ethnographic methodology. I have used qualitative data only. During my fieldwork, most of the young generation told that they do not believe on cast-based food ideology but at home they follow the minimum rules related to food.
Societal Transformations Aftermath COVID-19: An Overdue Exploration of Positive and Negative Impacts
COVID-19 pandemic has showcased profound changes across human society, altering various facets of social life. Beyond its immediate health implications, the pandemic has brought about powerful social transformations reshaping interpersonal dynamics, work patterns, and community adaptability. This research article examines multifaceted impact of COVID-19 on societies globally, considering its both positive and negative implications. Through a comprehensive review of literature and analysis of real-life scenarios, the study explores how the pandemic has reshaped social structures, behaviors, and attitudes. The paper concludes suggesting that the pandemic has deeply and diversely impacted the lives of people in general across the geographical boundaries by a complex interplay of consequences, highlighting the need to continuously navigate the post-pandemic social landscape.
Socio-cultural Aspects of Federal Structure in Nepal
The decade long maoist insurgency and the joint effort of the existing seven political parties' alliance like Nepali Congress, CPN UML and others overthrew the monarchy transforming the country into republic state deciding to adopt federal system of governance. The sole motto of federal notion as said is the equitable justice, accommodation of diversities and wholesome development regarding the economic, socio-cultural, political and international prospects. Before unification of Nepal, It was divided into a numerous principalities and kingdoms, with its own system of governance following the social and cultural autonomy, the own mode of production. The political front formed then after slowly and consistently came under centralized form of administration, annihilation of the local systems slowly. The local systems, usages, local identity, local aspirations, social and cultural diversity were encroached and suppressed in systematic manner. The state unites physically but the rational cultural, social unification left behind by the contemporary ruler and governance that invites for the socio-cultural federalization.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Trace Amount of Nitrite in Water and Soil
A simple, sensitive, rapid and economical spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace amount of nitrite present in the water and soil samples is investigated. This method is based on the diazo-coupling reaction where nitrite reacts with p-nitroaniline in presence of hydrochloric acid to form diazonium cation which is subsequently coupled with 1-naphthol in presence of sodium hydroxide to form a stable azo-dye. The absorption maximum (λmax) for azo-dye is found to be 610 nm and the method obeys Beer-Lambert’s law at this analytical wavelength over the concentration range 0.02-0.12 μg/mL of nitrite. The molar absorptivity is found to be 3.29 x 104 liter.mol-1cm-1.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Silica from Rice Husk
The rice process produces a large amount of rice husk which is most economically important a natural source of silica. In this work, the nano silica was synthesized from dried and cleaned rice husk by treating with hydrochloric acid followed by incineration at 700 ℃ in muffle furnace. Thus, formed silica nanoparticles were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The FTIR results showed different peaks at 800 cm-1, 1078 cm-1 and 455 cm-1 resembling the peaks of Si-O symmetric stretching frequency, Si-O asymmetric stretching frequency and Si-O-Si bending frequency respectively. The average crystallite size was found 39.49 nm from XRD results. Whereas, EDX results showed silica elements with 58.20% composition along with Fe and Cr as major impurities. Thus, agricultural waste i.e. rice husk was found to be a major source of silica.
Trends, Patterns and Effects of Remittance in Nepal
Remittance refers the sending or transfer of cash or kinds received or sent or by individual or household from one place to another place within the country or our of country through the legal channel and it is important lifeline in many developing countries. Almost 25 percent GDP of Nepal coveraged by Remittance. The main purpose of this article is to analyzed trends, patterns, using areas, coverage of remittance and its’ social effects in Nepal. An article is prepared on the basis of available data /information related to remittance sent in Nepal. Other data/information has not been collected and analyzed by the Author rather than Remittance Transfer situation of Nepal and its social effects. The sources of information has been clearly mentioned and also given the references. Author has prepared this article maintaining the academic ethics and value. Secondary based quantitative information are analyzed and interpreted with inductive approach. Percent of household receiving the remittance almost three times increased since 1995/96 to 2010/11 and it is gradually increased until fiscal year 2017/18. Terai household received more remittance comparing to mountain and hills. Same way, more remittance are receiving by rural areas comparing to urban areas. The remittance is coverage the almost more than 25 percent GDP of Nepal. Largest amount of remittance utilize for food and cloths. However, there are huge effects of the remittance in Nepalese society (CBS, 2014, KC B.B. 2017 and Nepal Rastra Bank, FY 2018/19).
‘विपद्’ कुनै पनि समय, स्थान र परिस्थितिमा देखा पर्न सक्छ । संसारका सबैजसो देश र समुदायले कुनै न कुनै विपद्को सामना गरिरहेको देख्न, सुन्न पाइन्छ । प्राकृतिक कारणले होस् वा मानवीय कारणले होस्, विपद्ले सामान्यतया सम्बन्धित देशका सबै नागरिकहरूलाई असर गर्ने भए पनि खासगरी बुढाबुढी, बालबालिका, अपाङ्गता भएकाहरू, महिला तथा रोगीहरूलाई अझ बढी नकारात्मक प्रभाव पारेको भेटिन्छ । धन सम्पत्ति, सार्वजनिक भवन र संरचनाहरू मात्र नभएर विपद्ले व्यक्तिको ज्यान समेत लिने भएकोले यसले तत्कालिन र दीर्घकालिन सबैखाले दुष्प्रभावको सामना गर्न मानिसहरूलाई बाध्य गराउँछ । यसले धन सम्पत्तिको विनास, पारिवारिक विघटन, कसैको उठीबास लगाउने मात्र नभै बसाईं सर्न बाध्य गराउने, चोट ग्रस्त पार्ने तथा कतिपय अवस्थामा नागरिकहरूको सामान्य अधिकारबाट समेत विमुख बनाई दिन सक्छ । सामान्य गाँसबास, औषधीमूलो, आवतजावत गर्न पाउने स्वतन्त्रता मात्र होइन, बालबालिकाको पढ्न र सिक्न पाउने अधिकारबाट एकै झ्टकामा अधिकार बिहिन बनाई दिएको देख्न पाइन्छ । व्यक्तिको बाँच्न पाउने, सुरक्षित हुन पाउने तथा अन्य नागरिक हक र सेवाहरूलाई विपद्ले निष्प्रभावी बनाई दिने हुँदा यसबाट सामाजिक, आर्थिक, सांस्कृतिक तथा पारिवरिक अवस्थामा पर्ने प्रभाव÷दुष्प्रभावहरूलाई अझबढी नियाल्नु पर्ने हुन जान्छ । विपद्को एउटै घटनाले शिक्षामा पार्ने असरबाट समाजका लाखौं विद्यार्थीहरू सिक्न पाउने नैसर्गिक हकबाट बञ्चित हुन परेको घटना २०७२ सालको भूकम्पले दर्शाइ सकेको छ । पठनपाठनको अवसरबाट लाखौं विद्यार्थीहरू लामो समयसम्म विमुख हुन नपसोस् भन्ने अभिप्रायले राज्यद्वारा जे–जति शैक्षिक प्रयत्नहरू गरिए, तिनै कोसिसहरूको सन्दर्भमा यो सामग्री तयार गरिएको छ ।
सामान्य रूपमा हेर्दा चट्याङ मानव जीवनको लागि अपरिहार्य प्राकृतिक प्रक्रिया भए पनि यसलाई दैविक तथा प्राकृतिक प्रकोपको रूपमा लिइन्छ । चट्याङ हेर्दा जति मनमोहक र सुन्दर देखिन्छ त्यति नै यसलाई खतरा र डरलाग्दो घटनाको रूपमा लिने गरिन्छ । वातावरणमा भएको जीवनचक्र (Ecosystem) चलाउनको लागि यसको ठुलो भूमिका रहेको हुन्छ । चट्याङ परेको बेलामा यसको तापक्रम तीस हजार डिग्री सेल्सियससम्म पुग्ने भएकाले जीवनको सुरुवात हुनको लागि आवश्यक पर्ने तŒव हाइड्रोजन सायनाइड (HCN) बनाउँदछ । यो प्रवाह भएको समयमा उच्च तापक्रमका कारण कुनै पनि वस्तुलाई यसले छुँदै पग्ली हाल्दछ । फलाम जस्तो ठोस अवस्थाको धातु पनि पग्लिएर पछि डल्लो अवस्थामा वा ग्याँस अवस्थामा पनि परिणत हुने गर्दछ । यसको अवधि धरै छोटो भए पनि धेरै मात्रामा करेन्टको प्रवाह हुने भएकोले यो मानव जीवन, जीवजन्तु तथा अग्ला बोटविरुवाहरूको लागि खतराजनक मानिन्छ ।
प्रस्तुत आलेख रसविधानको विश्लेषणमा आधारित छ । रस पूर्वीय साहित्यशास्त्रअन्तर्गतको महŒवपूर्ण सिद्धान्त हो । साहित्यिक रचनाको पठनबाट प्राप्त आनन्द वा भावको आस्वादनलाई साहित्यमा रस भनिन्छ । साहित्यमा रसको विशिष्ट प्रयोगबाट पाठकहृदय आह्लादित हुन्छ । यस अध्ययनमा ‘नाटकको चौथो चरण’ कथामा कुन रसको प्रयोग के कसरी भएको छ भन्ने कुराको निरूपण यही रससिद्धान्तका आधारमा गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनमा विवेच्य कथामा रस सामग्रीका रूपमा आएका विभाव, अनुभाव, सञ्चारीभाव र स्थायी भावको बेग्लाबेग्लै विश्लेषण गरी निष्कर्ष प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । यसका लागि प्राथमिक सामग्रीका रूपमा ‘नाटकको चौथो चरण’ कथालाई लिइएको छ । सामग्री विश्लेषणमा गुणात्मक पद्धतिको अवलम्बन गरिएको छ भने विश्लेषणको ढाँचामा रसविधानका सूचक निर्माण गरी त्यसकै आधारमा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । विवेच्य कथामा नैनबहादुरकी श्रीमतीको मृत्युको हृदयविदारक घटनाको उचित विन्यासबाट करुण रसलाई परिपाक गराइएको छ । यस कथामा करुण रसको अभिव्यक्ति पाठकहृदयलाई विदारण गर्न सक्षम भएकाले त्यो प्रबल रूपमा आएको छ । विभाव, अनुभाव सञ्चारीभावको उचित संयोजनबाट शोक स्थायीभाव उद्बुद्ध भई करुण रस परिपाक भएकाले रसविधानका दृष्टिले प्रस्तुत कथा महŒवपूर्ण र उत्कृष्ट रहेको निष्कर्ष यस अध्ययनबाट प्राप्त भएको छ
गोविन्दप्रसाद Govindaprasad लुइटेल Luitel
नेपालको सुदूर पश्चिमी क्षेत्रका सवाईमा प्रयुक्त सन्दर्भ
यो लेख व्यवस्थापरक तथा प्रकार्यपरक व्याकरणको प्रमुख सैद्धान्तिक मान्यता ‘परिस्थितिगत सन्दर्भ’का आधारमा नेपालको सुदूर पश्चिमी क्षेत्रका सवाईमा प्रयुक्त सन्दर्भको विश्लेषणमा केन्द्रित छ । वाङ्मयका कुनै पनि विधामा प्रयुक्त सन्दर्भको विश्लेषण भाषाप्रयोगको तात्कालिक परिस्थिति र व्यापक परिस्थितिका आधारमा गर्न सकिन्छ भन्ने व्यवस्थापरक तथा प्रकार्यपरक व्याकरणको मान्यता हो । यसैले यस लेखमा पनि भाषाप्रयोगको तात्कालिक परिस्थिति र व्यापक परिस्थितिका आधारमा नेपालको सुदूर पश्चिमी क्षेत्रका सवाईमा प्रयुक्त सन्दर्भको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । नमुना छनोट पद्धतिका आधारमा सङ्कलन गरी विश्लेषण गरिएका सवाईमध्ये ‘छोरीको विरहको सवाई’ बाट तत्कालीन समाजमा छोराछोरीका बिच भेदभाव रहेको र उक्त भेदभावको उन्मूलनबाट मात्रै नारी र पुरुष दुवैको कल्याण हुनुका साथै समग्र समाजको उन्नति हुन्छ भन्ने सन्दर्भगत अर्थ व्यक्त भएको छ भने ‘उल्टा कलिकालको सवाई’ बाट मानिसहरू सहजता, नियमनिष्ठता, मन, वचन र कर्ममा एकरूपता जस्ता मानवीय मूल्यमान्यतामा भन्दा देखावटीपन र कृत्रिमतामा रमाएका छन् र यस्तो स्थितिको अन्त्य नभई समाजको कल्याण र प्रगति हुन सक्दैन भन्ने सन्दर्भगत अर्थ व्यक्त भएको छ । यसरी सुदूर पश्चिमी क्षेत्रका सवाईले तत्कालीन समाजमा व्याप्त विकृतिको अन्त्य, मानवीय मूल्यमान्यताको संरक्षण र समाजसुधारको चाहनालगायतका विशिष्ट सामाजिक र सांस्कृतिक सन्दर्भ प्रस्तुत गरेका छन् भन्ने निचोड प्रस्तुत लेखबाट प्राप्त भएको छ । ।
प्रेमप्रसाद Premprasad चौलागाईंं Chaulagain
नेपाली चिन्तकहरूका बौद्धिक सृजना नै नेपाली दर्शन हो । यो राजनीतिक भारतका भारतीय चिन्तकहरूका दार्शनिक चिन्तनहरूभन्दा भिन्न छ । यो दर्शन मुस्लिम तथा इसाई धार्मिक, सांस्कृतिक तथा राजनीतिक आक्रमणहरूबाट सुरक्षित भएको र प्राचीनतम मौलिक सांस्कृतिक तथा सभ्यताको निरन्तरताका कारणले प्राप्त भएको हो । अत्यन्त फरक जीवनशैली रहेका विभिन्न समुदायहरूका बिचमा सहृदयी सहअस्तित्व, एकअर्काको सांस्कृतिक जीवन दर्शनको अभ्यासमा स्वतन्त्रता, सरलता, अहस्तक्षेप, साझापन, आफ्नो मौलिकपनप्रति गौरवभाव, सहिष्णुता तथा कृतज्ञता र वीरताजस्ता मौलिकगुणहरूले नेपाली दर्शनको प्रस्तावनालाई पुष्टि गर्छ । जुनसुकै बोलीमा लेखिए तापनि, आफूलाई नेपाली वा नेपाली मूलको भएकोमा गौरव गर्ने व्यक्तिले प्रकट गरेका दार्शनिक भावहरू नै नेपाली दर्शनशास्त्रका प्रस्तावना हुन् । सञ्चार तथा यातायातको सहजताले अहिलेको दार्शनिक विश्व विगतको जस्तो छैन । अन्य विषयहरूझैं चिन्तनका तहमा पनि आयात र निर्यात दुवै तीब्रगतिमा घटित हुँदैछन् । नेपाली मौलिक चिन्तन पनि आयातित दार्शनिक चिन्तनले प्रभावित मात्र भएका छैनन् अपितु ती चिन्तनहरूले नेपालीहरूको मौलिक जीवन दर्शनमा प्रभावित पारेका छन््र तर पनि यी प्रभावहरू नेपाली दर्शनशास्त्रको प्रस्तावनाका अंश हुँदैनन् । नेपाली दर्शनशास्त्रको प्रस्तावनामा स्वतन्त्र मौलिक नेपाली दर्शनशास्त्रको सम्भावनाको विषयवस्तु बौद्धिकस्तरमा उठान गरिएको छ ।
गोविन्दशरण Govindasharan उपाध्याय Upadhyaya
लिपि लेखनकलाको मूल स्रोत हो । प्राग मानवले ओडार र गुफाका भित्ताहरूमा कोरेका साङ्केतिक चिह्नहरूबाट विकसित हुँदै आएको लिपिको माध्यमबाट वर्तमान लेखनकलाको विकास भएको हो । लिपिको उत्पत्ति र विकाससम्बन्धमा एकिन समय बताउन सक्ने तथ्यगत प्रमाण नभएता पनि यसको विकास मानव जीवनका शुरुवाती दिनहरू सँगै विकासवादी सिद्धान्त अनुरूप नै भएको हो भन्ने तर्क सर्वसम्मत छ । लिपिको उत्पत्ति, विकासका साथै नेपालमा लिच्छवि लिपिको विकास उजागर गर्ने उद्देश्य राखेर थालिएको यो लेख मुलतः पुस्तकालयीय विधि तथा वर्णनात्मक र विश्लेषनात्मक ढाँचामा आधारित रहेको छ । प्रस्तुत लेखको मुख्य अभिप्राय संस्कृति मूल विषयको रूपमा अध्ययन गर्ने विद्यार्थी तथा सम्बन्धित अन्य पाठकहरूका लागि लिच्छवि लिपि सम्बन्धमा सामान्य जानकारी हुन सकोस भन्ने हो । नेपालमा लिपिको विकास भारतवर्षमा विकसित ब्राह्मी लिपिकै परिबर्तित स्वरूप हो भन्ने कुरा लिच्छविकालदेखि उपलब्ध भएका अभिलेखहरूको अध्ययनबाट स्पष्ट हुन आउँछ । ब्राह्मी लिपिमा आएका निरन्तर परिवर्तनहरूको परिणाम स्वरूप नेपालको लिच्छवि लिपि भएको प्रमाणित हुन आउँछ । यसले विभिन्न कालखण्डमा विभिन्न आकार, प्रकार र स्वरूपमा रूपान्तरित हुँदै तत्कालीन समयमा आफूलाइ एक सशक्त प्रचलित लिपिको रूपमा उभ्याएको थियो ।
बेन्जु कुमारी Benju Kumari श्रेष्ठ Shrestha
विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइरालाका कथात्मक सङ्कथनको प्रकारता
नेपाली कथा लेखनको परम्परामा मनोविश्लेषणात्मक यथार्थवादको प्रवर्तन गर्ने कथाकार विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइरालाले आप्mना कथामा नेपाली सामाजिक सन्दर्भलाई प्रस्तुत गर्दै पात्रको मनस्थितिको विश्लेषण गरेका छन् । उनका प्रकाशित छब्बिस ओटा कथामा उच्च, मध्यम र निम्न वर्गीय पात्रको मनोदशाको उद्घाटन गरिएको छ । उनले यौन मनोविज्ञानमा आधारित कथा लेख्दा नारी मनोदशाको विश्लेषणमा ज्यादा रुचि राखेका छन् भने यौनेतर विषयमा आधारित कथामा उनले बढी मात्रामा पुरुष पात्रको मनोदशाको उद्घाटनमा केन्द्रित भएका छन् र यस्ता कथामा नेपालको वि.सं. १९९५ देखि २०१९÷२० सम्मका सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक, राजनैतिक विषय समेटिएका छन् । उनका कथाको आन्तर्यमा निरङ्कुश शासन व्यवस्था, सामन्तवाद, पुरातनवाद र रुढिवादमाथि विरोध तथा विद्रोहको स्वर प्रकट गर्दै स्वतन्त्रता, समानता, नागरिक अधिकार र मानवताका पक्षमा वकालत गरिएको हुँदा पाठेतर सन्दर्भको सघनता पाइन्छ । विषयवस्तुका दृष्टिकोणबाट मात्र होइन कि शिल्पशैलीका दृष्टिकोणबाट पनि परम्परागत कथा लेखनको एकरेखीयता तथा घटनाप्रधानतालाई भङ्ग गर्दै कथाको शिल्प, संरचना र प्रस्तुतीकरणमा आधुनिक ढाँचा वा पद्धतिको प्रयोग कोइरालाका कथामा गरिएको पाइन्छ ।
प्रस्तुत लेख समसामयिक नेपाली कवितामा भाषिक विचलनसम्बन्धी अध्ययनमा केन्द्रित छ । यो अनुसन्धान गुणात्मक प्रकृतिको भएकाले सामग्रीको सङ्कलन पुस्तकालयीय कार्यबाट गरिएको छ । यसमा विश्लेषणका लागि छनोट गरिएका कवितालाई प्राथमिक सामग्रीका रूपमा लिइएको छ भने विचलनको सिद्धान्तसँग सम्बन्धित पुस्तक तथा लेखहरूलाई द्वितीयक सामग्रीका रूपमा लिइएको छ । यसमा नेपाली कवितामा विचलनको प्रयोग के–कसरी भएको छ भन्ने कुराको अध्ययन गर्दा कोशीय विचलन, व्याकरणिक विचलन, वर्ण विचलन, आर्थी विचलन, भाषिकागत विचलन, प्रयुक्ति विचलन र लेखिमिक विचलनको उदाहरणसहित व्याख्या गरिएको छ । कवितामा भाषिक विचलनको विश्लेषण गर्दा यसमा वर्णनात्मक र विश्लेषणात्मक विधि प्रयोग गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनबाट भाषिक विचलनको प्रयोगले समसामयिक नेपाली कविता आलङ्कारिक, वक्रोक्तिमय र प्रभावकारी बनेको छ भन्ने निष्कर्ष प्राप्त भएको छ ।