Academia Research Journal

Examining Tobacco Use among Secondary School Teachers: A Case Study of Nepalgunj Sub-Metropolitan City

Lal Mani Acharya — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Tobacco consumption is the most significant preventable risk factor for morbidity and mortality worldwide, affecting both developing and developed countries. Among school teachers, the use of tobacco products represents not only a detrimental habit but also a poor financial decision, a severe health risk, and a negative example for students. This cross-sectional, analytical study examines the prevalence and associated factors of tobacco use among 148 secondary school teachers in Nepalgunj Sub-Metropolitan City. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, and prevalence rates were calculated using SPSS. Chi-square tests were employed to analyze the associated factors. The overall prevalence of tobacco use in any form among the teachers was 17.6%, with nearly all users being male. Female teachers were found to be 13.12 times less likely to use tobacco compared to their male counterparts. Specifically, 15 respondents reported smoking tobacco products, 17 reported using smokeless tobacco products, and 6 used both forms. More than 62% of respondents began using tobacco between the ages of 16 and 25. The reasons for initiating tobacco use included pleasure (42.3%), stress reduction (30.79%), curiosity (15.38%), and peer pressure (11.53%). The high prevalence of tobacco use among secondary school teachers in Nepalgunj is concerning, especially given their educational background. Only 1% of female teachers reported using any form of tobacco, likely due to prevailing social norms. Despite their education, many teachers indicated the need for specific training to effectively teach students about the dangers of tobacco use. This underscores the necessity for targeted training programs to equip teachers with the skills and techniques needed to discourage tobacco use among students.

Embracing Uncertainty: John Keats's Negative Capability and its Romantic Legacy

Ramesh Prasad Adhikary — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This research paper delves into John Keats's concept of Negative Capability, a pivotal idea in the Romantic literary tradition, which emphasizes the poet's ability to remain in uncertainties and mysteries without the irritable reaching after fact and reason. Originating from Keats’s letter to his brothers in 1817, this concept challenges the Enlightenment’s rationalist approach, advocating for a more intuitive and imaginative understanding of human experience. The primary objective of this study is to comprehensively analyze Keats’s articulation of Negative Capability, its manifestation in his poetry, and its broader implications within the Romantic tradition and subsequent literary movements. This study enhances the understanding of Romantic literature, offers insights into Keats's poetic philosophy, and highlights the enduring influence of Negative Capability on modern literary theory and creative practices. The research employs a qualitative methodology grounded in close reading, historical analysis, and comparative analysis. Primary texts include Keats’s letters and major poems, while secondary sources encompass critical essays and scholarly works on Keats and Romanticism. The analysis reveals that Negative Capability is central to Keats’s major works, such as "Ode on a Grecian Urn," "Ode to a Nightingale," and "To Autumn." These poems exemplify Keats's embrace of ambiguity, beauty, and transience, reflecting his resistance to rational explanations and his celebration of the unknown and the mysterious. The study also identifies the concept’s influence on later literary movements, particularly Modernism and Postmodernism, which similarly grapple with themes of uncertainty and existential doubt. John Keats’s Negative Capability represents a profound acceptance of life’s uncertainties and the mysteries of artistic creation. This study underscores its significance in Keats's work and its lasting impact on the literary landscape, reaffirming the importance of embracing ambiguity and the transformative power of art.

Navigating the Complexities of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) in Nepal

Arjun Prasad Pokharel — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This research explores the intricate dynamics surrounding Nepal's involvement in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), positioned amidst the strategic interests of China and the United States. Nepal's historical foreign policy, characterized by selective isolationism and international engagement, has been shaped by its geostrategic location between the two global powers, often likened to a "yam between two boulders." The BRI, launched by China in 2013, aims to bolster connectivity and infrastructure across Asia, Africa, and Europe, influencing Nepal through substantial investments and geopolitical alignments. Conversely, the MCC, initiated by the U.S. in 2017, seeks to enhance Nepal's economic stability and development, albeit amid perceptions of strategic rivalry with China's regional influence. This study employs qualitative analysis to evaluate the implications of these initiatives on Nepal's sovereignty, stability, and strategic positioning. It addresses the strategic challenges of managing Nepal's relationships with China, India, and the U.S. while maintaining its policy of non-alignment, offering insights into navigating the complexities of international collaborations in a rapidly evolving geopolitical landscape.

The Impact of Inflation on Jewelry Consumers in Nepalgunj: An Exploratory Study

Lal Mani Pokhrel, Seema Ghanghas — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the effects of inflation on jewelry consumers in Nepalgunj, Nepal, using a descriptive research design. The research aims to understand how inflation affects purchasing power, identify coping strategies, assess the impact on demand, and explore mitigation measures. The findings reveal that 70% of respondents believe middle-class individuals are most affected by inflation, leading to reduced jewelry affordability. Additionally, 30% of respondents agree that people buy less jewelry nowadays, and 76% agree that customers opt for substitute products as gifts instead of jewelry. The study suggests that inflation significantly impacts the jewelry industry, reducing consumer purchasing power and altering spending behaviors. To navigate these challenges, businesses in the jewelry sector must adopt strategic measures, such as price adjustments, value emphasis, and efficient sourcing practices. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, economists, and businesses in the jewelry industry. The study's implications include the need for policymakers to consider the impact of inflation on the jewelry industry and its consumers, for economists to develop models that better predict consumer behavior during inflation, and for businesses to adopt strategic measures to mitigate the effects of inflation. Overall, the study highlights the importance of understanding the effects of inflation on jewelry consumers and the need for stakeholders to take proactive measures to address these challenges.

Knowledge and Prevalence of Plantar Fasciitis among Nurses of Selected Hospital of Kathmandu, Nepal

Moonu Shrestha, Reshma KC, Chhabikala Shrestha, Sheetal Shakya — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

An uncomfortable foot ailment called plantar fasciitis is brought on by an inflammation of the plantar fascia. When this band of tissue is overworked or overextended, plantar fasciitis develops. This results in tiny rips in the fascia's fibers, particularly where it connects to the heel bone. This study set out to determine how much the nurses at the Civil Service Hospital in Kathmandu knew about plantar fasciitis and how common it was. At the Civil Service Hospital in Kathmandu, 58 nurses participated in a descriptive cross-sectional research. Data were gathered using a self-administered questionnaire and the windlass test. SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data, which included frequency and percentage using a descriptive statistical approach. The results showed that majority of respondents (53.4%) of nurses were age group of 18 to 25 years. Maximum respondents (93.1%) had normal BMI, maximum (46.6%) had 1 to 4 years work experience and majority of respondents (74.1%) worn flats during duty hours. Out of 58 respondents (56.9%) had poor knowledge, (29.3%) satisfactory and (13.8%) had good knowledge regarding plantar fasciitis with positive prevalence of windlass test (63.80%) and (36.2%) had negative windlass test. In the present study, it is concluded that majority of the respondents had (56.9%) poor knowledge, (29.3%) satisfactory and (13.8%) had good knowledge regarding plantar fasciitis with positive prevalence of windlass test (63.80%) and (36.2%) had negative windlass test, which means majority have plantar fasciitis.

Impacts of Social Media on Academic Performance of University Students of Nepal

Shreedhar Adhikari — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to explore the impact of social media on the academic performance of University students in Nepal. Through a comprehensive analysis of survey data and academic records, the research investigates the correlation between social media usage patterns and students' grades. Factors such as frequency of social media engagement, types of platforms utilized, and time allocation for academic tasks are examined. The findings shed light on the nuanced relationship between social media activity and academic achievement, providing insights for educators, policy makers, and students in navigating the challenges posed by digital distractions in the academic setting.

Prospect of Eco-Tourism in Upper Humla (A Case Study of Namkha Rural Municipality)

Daman Dhoj D.C. — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Tourism, as the world's largest and fastest-growing industry, holds significant potential for economic development and cultural exchange. Nepal, endowed with natural beauty and cultural heritage, has positioned itself as a prime destination for global travelers seeking tranquility and environmental conservation. In this context, eco-tourism emerges as a sustainable alternative, minimizing environmental impacts while promoting conservation and community development. Upper Humla, a region rich in biodiversity and cultural diversity, stands out as a promising area for eco-tourism development within Nepal. This study explores the prospects of eco-tourism in Upper Humla, focusing on its natural resources, cultural attractions, and the potential economic benefits for local communities. Using a descriptive and exploratory research design, data was gathered through surveys, interviews, and observations to assess tourist preferences, eco-tourism resources, and local perceptions. The findings highlight the unique opportunities and challenges in harnessing Upper Humla's tourism potential, aiming to contribute to sustainable tourism practices and regional development strategies in Nepal.

Technological Challenges: A Case of Secondary-Level Mathematics Teachers’ Integrating ICT in Mathematics Classrooms

Ganesh Prasad Adhikari — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In Nepal, the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) into mathematics teaching and learning has become a topic of growing interest and importance in the field of mathematics education. Nevertheless, the effective and efficient integration of technology into the classroom environment remains a significant challenge for mathematics teachers. Therefore, this study examines the technological challenges faced by mathematics teachers and the key factors that have the greatest impact on integrating ICT into teaching and learning activities in mathematics classrooms. An online survey design was used in the quantitative research. A structural online survey questionnaire was distributed through Viber, WhatsApp, and Messenger to 135 public and 150 private secondary-level mathematics teachers in Kathmandu Metropolitan City during the academic year 2023–2024. The overall response from mathematics teachers was only 197 (59.23%). The response data was downloaded into Excel and cleaned. Means, standard deviations, and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the cleaned data using the JAMOVI software. The data clearly show that there are no challenges in the use of ICT, professional development, and pedagogical issues. However, technological limitations present challenges from teachers’ perspectives. Additionally, technological limitations, professional development, and pedagogical issues have significant correlations and positive impacts on the use of ICT, with pedagogical issues emerging as the most influential factor. This means that teachers are qualified to integrate ICT into their teaching and learning activities. However, there were technological limitations in mathematics classrooms. Therefore, inadequate access to hardware, lack of technical support, and unreliable Internet connectivity are necessary for mathematics teachers to effectively incorporate ICT into their teaching and learning activities. Furthermore, further research should use a larger sample size to validate these results in diverse educational contexts in Nepal.

Women's Socio-Cultural Status in the Tharu Community: A Case of Janaki Rural Municipality, Kailali

Kanshi Prasad Adhikari — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Nepal, characterized by its multi-ethnic composition, hosts a diverse population of approximately 125 castes and ethnic groups, each with distinct cultural practices and beliefs. Among these groups, the Tharu people constitute a significant indigenous community, comprising about 6.6% of Nepal's total population. Historically settled in the Terai region, near forested areas and the Inner Terai, Tharus are culturally and linguistically diverse, with distinct sub-groups dispersed across various regions of Nepal.Tharu society traditionally embodies a rich cultural heritage, marked by unique customs and attire. Despite their agricultural prowess and reliance on forest resources for livelihoods, Tharu women face significant socio-economic challenges. They are often relegated to domestic and subsistence roles, with limited access to education and economic resources compared to men. While some sub-groups within the Tharu community exhibit exceptions to these norms, such as the Rana Tharus with their female-dominant societal structure, broader societal and economic barriers persist. This study focuses on Janaki Rural Municipality of Kailali district, aiming to explore the socio-cultural status of Tharu women. Through structured questionnaires, interviews, and observations, the research investigates household decision-making dynamics, educational disparities, and barriers hindering women from achieving higher social standing. The findings underscore the complex interplay of cultural norms, gender roles, and socio-economic factors influencing the status of Tharu women within their community. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of gender dynamics and social inequalities among Nepal's Tharu population, offering insights for targeted interventions to improve their socio-cultural and economic conditions.

Knowledge and Practice on Water Quality Management and Water-Borne Diseases in Kathmandu, Nepal

Pratima Tamrakar — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The present study evaluated the knowledge and practices of people related to water quality and water borne disease in different area of Kathmandu district. Simple random method was used to select households for interview based on structured questionnaire. Further detail data obtained from observation, checklist and pilot survey in water suppliers including Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited. Altogether 153 (91 female & 62 female) people in 153 household and 25 water suppliers including KUKL, community water suppliers and private water suppliers were interviewed and ten focus groups discussion were organized with water manager. Collected data were analyzed using MS-Excel 2011. From the analysis, almost of the respondent (91%) replied for their dependency upon water suppliers for water quality and only few (9%) respondents applied laboratory tests for their water quality. The most common source of information for water quality management was television followed by peer group communication and least considered source of information was NGOs and CBOs. Similarly, mostly used treatment practice for water quality improvement was filtration followed by boiling and least used method was treatment plant. Altogether four categorical responses known for water borne disease where rare number of respondents were actively following prevention to be safe from water borne diseases. Knowledge and practice on water quality, and water-borne diseases, among respondent of study area were unsatisfactory. So, the awareness programs regarding water purification, water pollution, storage, and water borne diseases should be carried on a regular basis. The responsible authority should make laws against the water pollution, water storage and distribution that minimize the future consequences of water borne disease.

Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Rabies among Community People of Dhamboji -1, Nepalgunj, Banke

Rajani Kumari Shrestha — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The virus that causes rabies spreads from one species to another through the saliva or tissues of the nervous system. When the rabies virus affects the central nervous system, it can lead to brain illness, death, and extremely agonizing neurological symptoms. Since rabies is a zoonotic illness, people can get it from other animals. With a 99.9% mortality rate, rabies is the worst illness on the planet. The study's goals were to determine the community members' knowledge and attitudes about rabies in Dhamboji-1, Nepalgunj, Banke. The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional research methodology, and sixty general residents of Dhamboji-1, Nepalgunj, Banke were chosen using a non-probability purposive sampling approach. For collecting data, a structured questionnaire was employed. The information was gathered in the month of Baisakh in 2081. Additionally, SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the acquired data using inferential descriptive statistics. The study's findings show that, when it came to rabies, more than half of the respondents—31, or 51.7% had average knowledge, a quarter18, or 30 % had bad knowledge, and the least11, or 18.3% had strong knowledge. In a similar vein, 25% of respondents 13(22) had a positive attitude, almost 50% of respondents 28(46.7) had a neutral attitude, and over 25% of respondents 19 (31.3) had negative attitude. While no other variable shows a significant relationship between level of knowledge and attitude and demographic variables like age, sex, religion, educational status, level of education, occupation, family monthly income, history of animal bite, if yes, which animal, vaccination status, pet ownership, and if yes, pet owner status, there was a significant association between level of knowledge and attitude and demographic variables like heard about rabies and source of information.

Financial Literacy and Investment Practices of Individual Investors in Pokhara

Ram Sapkota — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study empirically investigates the financial literacy and investment practices of individual investors in Pokhara. Through liberalization, privatization, and globalization, Nepal's economy has grown and financial markets have expanded, opening the door to an abundance of financial products that can be used as credit or as an investment alternative. This paper assesses the preference of the investment area by the investors. First this paper examines the differences in different investment aspects such as investment horizon, type of investors, investment objectives, expectation of return and their preference by demographic features of investors. Second this paper assesses the regress of financial literacy on investment horizon, investment objectives, expectation of return and their preference. According to the findings, Investor who has liquidity as investment objectives expect 10 to 50% return from their investment. Investors who have moderate and low risk taking objectives are expecting 5-10% return. From the study it is found that male respondent has high financial literacy than female respondent. It is found that individual investor who has high financial literacy they prefer to invest in short period of time and investors who have less financial literacy prefers long period of time as investment. Investor also shown good interest regarding the investment in business rather than other, but there is no significant relationship between gender, marital status and this opinion.

Investigating the Efficacy of Home Remedies for Alleviating Dysmenorrhea among Adolescent Girls in Selected Secondary Schools of Kolhapur, Banke, Nepal

Seema Bharati — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Adolescence is a time of transition between childhood and maturity that is marked by fast changes in the body, mind, emotions, and endocrine system as well as a change from total reliance to some degree of autonomy. For women in particular, this time is crucial since it includes the mental and physical preparation required for a healthy pregnancy and childbirth. Throughout a woman's reproductive years, menstruation is a normal, periodic process that causes pain and discomfort to varied degrees in many people. Approximately 50% of women have dysmenorrhea, a name originating from the Greek words "DYS" (difficulty/painful/abnormal), "MENO" (month), and "RRHEA" (flow). Over 50% of teenagers experience this disorder, and 10% experience severe symptoms. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate teenage girls' awareness of at-home treatments for dysmenorrhea. The research was conducted at Trivhuvan Secondary High School in Kohalpur, Banke, among 79 secondary level students (Class 10). A non-probability sampling method was employed to select the participants. The researcher developed a semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire based on relevant literature and books. The findings revealed that more than half of the respondents (53 or 67.1%) possessed moderate knowledge, 25 respondents (31.6%) had an adequate level of knowledge, and a minority (1 or 1.3%) exhibited inadequate knowledge regarding home remedies for relieving dysmenorrhea.

विद्यालय तहको शिक्षामा शान्तिशिक्षा {Peace Education in the Schools Level Education}

विष्णु बहादुर Bishnu Bahadur केसी KC — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धान लेखको उद्देश्य विद्यालय तहको शिक्षामा शान्तिशिक्षाका पक्षहरुको खोजी गर्नु रहेको थियो । गुणात्मक ढाचामा अध्ययन गरिएको छ । आधारभुत तहको पाठ्यक्रमा, शिक्षाका राष्ट्रिय उद्देश्यहरु, आधारभुत तहका सक्षमताहरुमा शान्तिशिक्षाको अध्ययन गरिएको छ । शान्तिशिक्षा सम्बन्धि स्पष्ट राष्ट्रिय शिक्षाका उद्देश्य र तहगत उद्देश्यहरू रहेका छैनन् । शान्तिसंग सम्बन्धित पक्षहरू सामाजिक अध्ययन, नेपाली, विज्ञान, स्वास्थ्य र शारीरिक, सिर्जनात्मक र नैतिक शिक्षामा रहेका छन् । यी विषयहरूमा सामाजिकता, मानवीय मूल्य, आस्था, सेवाभाव, प्रजातात्रिक, लोकतन्त्र, सद्भाव, सहयोग , चरित्र, नैतिकता, एकता, मैत्री, सहिष्णुता, विश्ववन्धुत्व र मानवअधिकार मुख्य रूपमा रहेको छन् विद्यालय पाठ्यक्रम, राष्टिय शिक्षाका उद्देश्य, तहगत उद्देश्य, विषयवस्तुहरु, र शिक्षण सहजीकरणमा शान्तिशिक्षाको स्पष्ट पक्षहरु राखिनु पर्दछ । शिक्षाका अन्य प्रकृतिमा अनौपचारिक शिक्षा, दूरशिक्षा, शिक्षक तालिम, विद्यालयमा हुने गोष्ठि र सेमिनार जस्ता कार्यक्रममा पनि शान्ति शिक्षामा व्यापक्ता ल्याउनु पर्दछ । विद्यालयमा, समाजमा र देशमा शान्तिमय बनाउन, शान्तिका चेतना जागृत गर्न, आर्दश र सभ्य समाज निमार्ण हरेक व्यक्तिका आन्तरिक शान्तिको विकास गर्नुपर्दछ । ध्यान र योग पक्षहरुलाई विद्यालय र समाजका विभिन्न पक्षहरुमा प्रयोगमा ल्याउनु पर्दछ । शान्तिका पक्षहरुलाई दैनिक, जीवनयापन र सामाजिक जीवनमा अभिन्न रुपमा लिनुपर्दछ । शान्तिका महत्वपूर्ण पक्षहरु पूर्विय दर्शनका वेदका र बौद्ध दर्शनका त्रिपिटक पक्षहरु विद्यालय शिक्षामा व्यवस्था गरेर प्रभावकारी कार्यान्वयन गर्नुपर्दछ ।

{The aim of the presented research article was to investigate the aspects of peace education in school level education. The study has been conducted in a qualitative framework. Peace education has been studied in basic level curriculum, national objectives of education, basic level competencies. There are no clear national education objectives and level objectives related to peace education. Aspects related to peace are social studies, Nepali, science, health and physical, creative and moral education. These subjects include sociality, human values, faith, service, democracy, democracy, harmony, cooperation, character, morality, unity, friendship, tolerance, philanthropy and human rights, mainly in school curriculum, national education objectives, level objectives, themes, and teaching. Clear aspects of peace education should be kept in facilitation. In other forms of education, non-formal education, distance education, teacher training, school seminars and programs like peace education should also be made widespread. To make peace in the school, society and country, to inculcate the consciousness of peace, to build a civilized society, the inner peace of every person should be developed. Meditation and yoga aspects should be used in various aspects of school and society. Aspects of peace should be taken as an integral part of daily life and social life. Important aspects of peace The Vedic aspects of Eastern philosophies and Tripitaka aspects of Buddhist philosophy should be organized and effectively implemented in school education.}

रसाभिव्यक्तिका कसीमा प्रत्यक्ष दोहोरी गीतको अध्ययन {Analysis of Direct Duet Songs Based on the Criterion of Aesthetic Expression}

डम्बरबहादुर Dambar Bahadur पुन Pun, सीता Sita खड्का Khadka — Fri, 28 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

प्रतिष्पर्धात्मक एवम् प्रश्नोत्तरात्मक शैलीमा गाइने लोकगीतलाई प्रत्यक्ष दोहोरी लोकगीत भनिन्छ । यसप्रकारको प्रत्यक्ष दोहोरी गीत मेलापर्व, चाडवाड, पूजाआजा, जात्रा, महोत्सवका साथै हाल आएर विभिन्न टेलिभिजन तथा युट्युब च्यानलहरूबाट प्रशारण भएको पाइन्छ । कुनै पूर्व तयारी उपस्थित स्थलमा नै उठाइएको प्रश्नको जवाफ दिनुपर्ने भएकाले यसप्रकारका लोकगीतलाई प्रत्यक्ष दोहोरी लोकगीत भनिन्छ । प्रत्यक्ष दाहोरी गीतमा रसको खोजी गर्ने काम यस अध्ययनमा गरिएको छ । यसका लागि नमुना छनोट विधिका माध्यमबाट इनेपाल खबर, इन्द्रेणी डट कम, इन्द्र जि.सी., बालचन्द्र बराल र टीका सानु अफिसियल युट्युब च्यानलबाट प्रशारित प्रत्यक्ष दोहोरी गीतहरूमध्ये रसका दृष्टिले सशक्त १२ ओटा प्रत्यक्ष दोहोरी गीतको छनोट गरिएको छ । उल्लिखित युट्युब च्यानलबाट सङ्कलित १२ ओटा प्रत्यक्ष दोहोरी गीतहरूको निगमनात्मक विधिका माध्यमबाट विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । यी गीतहरूमा ˘ाृङ्गार, हास्य, करुण र रौद्ररसको सशक्त प्रयोग भएको पाइन्छ । ˘ाृङ्गाररस भएका दोहोरी गीतमा भर्खर प्रेमप्रणयमा बाँधिएका युवायुवती, विवाह नजिक पुगेका प्रेमीप्रेमिका र पूर्व प्रेमीप्रेमिकाको मायामा डुबेका विवाहित युवायुवतीका रतिरागात्मक विषयवस्तु प्रस्तुत भएका देखिन्छन् । यसै गरी हास्यरस भएका दोहोरी गीतमा असहयोगी साथीहरू, जँड्याहा व्यक्तिको स्वभाव र घरबेटी र भाडावालाबीचका हास्य भावयुक्त विषयवस्तु समावेश भएका पाइन्छन् । यसरी नै करुणरस भएका दोहोरी गीतमा भेट हुन असम्भव भएका प्रेमीप्रेमिकाको विलाप, विदेशीयकी आमा र घरमा बसेका बालक छोराको रोदन र जातीय विभेदले आक्रान्त समाजका कारुणिक विषयवस्तुहरू व्यक्त भएका पाइन्छन् । यसै गरेर रौद्र रसयुक्त दोहोरी गीतमा स्वतन्त्र प्रेमलाई अस्वीकार गर्ने परिवार, दुच्छर स्वभावका युवायुवती र एकअर्काका कमीकमजोरी खोज्ने युवायुवतीका क्रोधयुक्त विषयवस्तुहरू प्रस्तुत भएका भेटिन्छन् । यसप्रकारको अध्ययनबाट लोकगीतमा पनि रस प्राप्त गर्न सकिने कुरा प्रमाणित भएको छ । यसबाट लोकगीतमा रसको अध्ययन गर्न चाहाने अध्येताका लागि यस अनुसन्धानमूलक लेख उपयोगी हुने देखिन्छ ।

{Folk songs sung in a competitive and question-answer format are known as direct duet folk songs. Such direct duet songs are found in fairs, festivals, worship ceremonies, celebrations, and more recently, broadcasted through various television and YouTube channels. Because these songs require answering questions spontaneously at the performance venue without prior preparation, they are termed direct duet folk songs. This study seeks to explore the rasa (aesthetic essence) in direct duet songs. For this purpose, through sample selection methods, twelve powerful direct duet songs in terms of rasa were selected from YouTube channels like eNepal Khabar, Indreni Dot Com, Indra GC, Balchandra Baral, and Tika Sanu Official. These twelve songs were analyzed using an inductive method. In these songs, the prominent rasas identified are Shringara (erotic), Hasya (humor), Karuna (pathos), and Raudra (anger). The duet songs with Shringara rasa typically present themes of romantic and erotic love between young couples newly in love, lovers about to marry, and married individuals immersed in memories of past lovers. Similarly, Hasya rasa songs incorporate humorous themes involving uncooperative friends, the behavior of drunkards, and comical interactions between landlords and tenants. In the case of Karuna rasa, the duet songs depict themes of lamentation between lovers who cannot meet, the cries of children left behind by migrant mothers, and the sorrowful subjects of a society affected by caste discrimination. Likewise, Raudra rasa songs portray themes of anger related to families rejecting free love, the behavior of unruly youth, and the faults and shortcomings of young men and women exposed by each other. This study proves that rasa can also be found in folk songs. It is seen that this research-based article will be useful for those interested in studying rasa in folk songs.}